Jan Stephan van Calcar—from Sandrart’s “Teutsche Academie”, 1685 88 Second Vesalian Plate of the Muscles—from the “Fabrica”, 1543 90 Ninth Vesalian Plate of the Muscles—from the “Fabrica”, 1543 92 A Human Skull resting on the Skull of a Dog—from the “Fabrica”, 1543 94 Title-page of Vesalius’s “Epitome”, 1543 96 Skeleton by Vesalius—from the “Fabrica”, 1543 98 Fifth Vesalian Plate of the Muscles—from the “Fabrica”, 1543 100 Deep Muscles of the Back by Vesalius—from the “Fabrica”, 1543 102 Part of the First Text-page of the “Fabrica”, 1543 103 Plate of the Arterial Tree by Vesalius—from the “Fabrica”, 1543 104 Dissection of the Abdomen by Vesalius—from the “Fabrica”, 1543 106 Dissection of the Heart by Vesalius—from the “Fabrica”, 1543 107 Initial Letter—from the “Fabrica”, 1543 113 Brain and Nerves by Eustachius 116 Muscles by Eustachius 117 Title-page of Columbus’s Anatomy 120 Gabriel Fallopius 122 Ingrassias 125 Charles the Fifth 131 Philip the Second 133 [Illustration: Ornamental block] [Illustration: _I. van Kalker p. I. Troÿen s._ ANDREAS VESALIUS (From an old copperplate engraving)] [Illustration: Ornamental block] INTRODUCTION [Illustration: Illuminated capital] The intelligent student of medical history has at his command an unfailing source of pleasure. To learn the successive steps by which Medicine has advanced from a priest-ridden and secret art practiced with mysterious rites in the Greek temples, passing through the schools of Greek philosophy into the light of publicity, is his privilege. To hunt through musty and worm-eaten volumes for facts regarding the great physicians of antiquity is his delight; and to communicate the knowledge thus obtained to others, who have not the time or the facilities for such research, is his duty. In every period are events and incidents of interest, but to the Middle Ages a peculiar fascination attaches; for it was during this period that Europe, emerging from an intellectual darkness of ten centuries’ duration, awoke to the Renaissance, and Medicine, as ever has been the case, kept pace with the general advance of knowledge.