The statuary who tempers the clay from which to make his model, has already conceived in his mind the statue which he is about to produce. Thus it is with the Supreme Artist. His plan for all eternity is present to His thought. He will execute the work in one day, or in a thousand ages. Time is nothing to Him; the work is conceived, it is created, and each of its parts is only the realization of the creative thought, and its predetermined development in time and space. "The more we advance in the study of nature," says Oswald Heer in "Le Monde primitif" which he has just published, "the more profound also is our conviction, that belief in an Almighty Creator and a Divine xxviii Wisdom, who has created the heavens and the earth according to an eternal and preconceived plan, can alone resolve the enigmas of nature, as well as those of human life. Let us still erect statues to men who have been useful to their fellow-creatures, and have distinguished themselves by their genius, but let us not forget what we owe to Him who has placed marvels in each grain of sand, a world in every drop of water." At first we shall treat of animal _messmates_, secondly of _mutualists_, and thirdly of parasites. _ANIMAL PARASITES_ 1 _AND MESSMATES_. CHAPTER I. ANIMAL MESSMATES. The messmate is he who is received at the table of his neighbour to partake with him of the produce of his day's fishing; it would be necessary to coin a name to designate him who only requires from his neighbour a simple place on board his vessel, and does not ask to partake of his provisions. The messmate does not live at the expense of his host; all that he desires is a home or his friend's superfluities. The parasite instals himself either temporarily or definitively in the house of his neighbour; either with his consent or by force, he demands from him his living, and very often his lodging. But the precise limit at which commensalism begins is not always easily to be ascertained. There are animals which live as messmates with others only at a certain period of their lives, and which provide for their own support at other times; others are only messmates under certain given circumstances, and do not usually merit this 2 appellation. In the higher animals, this relation between them is generally well known, and justly appreciated, but it is not the same in the inferior ranks; and more than one animal may pass for a messmate or a parasite, for a robber or for a mendicant, according to the circumstances under which he is observed. The sharper passes for an honest man as long as he has not been taken _in flagrante delicto_. Thus, in order to be just, we must carefully examine the indictment, and not pronounce sentence without strict examination.