Transcriber’s Note: Italics are enclosed in _underscores_; references to specific area within illustrations, originally printed in smaller point-size numbers, are enclosed in ~tildes~. Additional notes will be found near the end of this ebook. THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES. VOL. LIII. ANTHROPOID APES BY ROBERT HARTMANN PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN WITH SIXTY-THREE ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & CO., 1, PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1885 (_The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved_) CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE I. THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUR ACQUAINTANCE WITH ANTHROPOID APES 1 II. THE EXTERNAL FORM OF ANTHROPOID APES 11 III. THE EXTERNAL AND ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTHROPOID APES, COMPARED WITH THE HUMAN STRUCTURE 55 IV. ON VARIETIES IN THE FORM OF ANTHROPOIDS 210 V. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, HABITS IN A STATE OF NATURE, AND NATIVE NAMES OF ANTHROPOIDS 225 VI. LIFE IN CAPTIVITY 257 VII. POSITION OF ANTHROPOIDS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEM 285 VIII. A SUMMARY, TOGETHER WITH SOME FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOMORPHISM OF THE GORILLA, CHIMPANZEE, ORANG, AND GIBBON 290 APPENDIX 309 INDEX 321 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE 1. Aged male gorilla 14 2. Ear of a male adult gorilla 17 3. The young male gorilla, from the specimen in the Berlin Aquarium of 1876–77 22 4. The same animal at a still earlier age 23 5. Ear of chimpanzee 31 6. Young chimpanzee 33 7. Head and shoulders of an aged male orang-utan 38 8. Ear of the orang-utan 39 9. Adult male orang-utan 40 10. Head of the white-handed gibbon 47 11. Ear of the white-handed gibbon 48 12. Left hand of _Hylobates albimanus_ 49