49. Head-muscles of a Monjalese negro 152 50. Head-muscles of gorilla presented in Fig. 3 153 51. Palmar muscles of man 168 52. Palmar muscles of gorilla 169 53. Muscular system of the back of a gibbon’s hand 170 54. Muscular system of the human foot 177 55. Muscles on the upper side of chimpanzee’s foot 178 56. The brain of an orang, seen from the side 191 57. Brain of the chimpanzee, seen from above 192 58. Brain of gorilla, side view 193 59. Brain of orang, seen from above 194 60. Longitudinal section of a gorilla’s brain 196 61. Mafuca 216 62. The home of the gorilla 230 63. Climbing orang-utan, seen from behind 244 ANTHROPOID APES. CHAPTER I. THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUR ACQUAINTANCE WITH ANTHROPOID APES.[1] Our first acquaintance with the great anthropoid apes dates from the times of remote antiquity. The West Coast of Africa, which is the abode of these animals, was known to the Carthaginians as early as B.C. 500. In B.C. 470 Hanno set out with sixty fifty-oared galleys, laden with colonists and merchandise, on a grand expedition across Morocco to Upper Guinea. The object in view was partly mercantile, partly undertaken with the purpose of establishing a colony. It seems that at that time pioneering expeditions had previously taught them how far the coast was adapted for colonization. The Carthaginians met with “_gorillai_” on the lower range of the mountains of the Isle of Sherboro, and in the mountainous district of Sierra Leone(1). These are described as hairy sylvan creatures who replied to the attacks of the seafarers by throwing stones at them. Three of these monsters, of the female sex, were captured, but they bit and scratched so furiously that it was necessary to kill them on the spot. Pliny relates that at the time of the Roman invasion, B.C. 146, two of the skins obtained on this occasion were still preserved at Carthage, in the temple of Astarte(2). It was subsequently shown that chimpanzees, not true gorillas, were described in these “gorillai.” The latter animals are not now found so far north. [1] A list of the numerous authorities for the substance of this chapter is placed at the end of the volume.