Two views of work for Moslems—Christian fatalism—Results in Moslem lands—India—Persia—Constantinople—Sumatra and Java—Other signs of progress—The significance of persecution—Character of converts—Promise of God for victory over Islam—Christ or Mohammed—Missionary promises of the Old Testament—The Rock of Jesus’ Sonship—Special promises for Arabia—Hagar and Ishmael—The prayer of Abraham—The sign of the covenant with Ishmael—The third revelation of God’s love—The sons of Ishmael—Kedar and Nebaioth—The promises—Seba and Sheba—The spiritual boundaries of Arabia—Da Costa’s poem—Faith like Abraham—O that Ishmael might live before thee. APPENDIX I—CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 409 ” II—TRIBES OF NORTH ARABIA 413 ” III—KAAT AND COFFEE CULTURE IN ARABIA 414 ” IV—AN ARABIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY 416 INDEX 427 List of Illustrations PAGE A TYPICAL ARAB OF YEMEN _Frontispiece_ VIEW OF MECCA AND THE SACRED MOSQUE THE REPUTED TOMB OF EVE AT JIDDAH _Facing_ 17 MOHAMMEDAN PILGRIMS AT MECCA THE SACRED WELL OF ZEMZEM AT MECCA ” 30 PILGRIMS AROUND THE KAABA IN THE SACRED MOSQUE AT MECCA ” 34 THE MECCA CERTIFICATE—A PASSPORT TO HEAVEN ” 40 CHRISTIAN COINS USED AS AN AMULET BY MECCAN WOMEN 43 A WOMAN OF MECCA A MECCAN WOMAN IN HER BRIDAL COSTUME _Facing_ 44 TRAVELLING IN SOUTHERN ARABIA THE KEITH FALCONER MEMORIAL CHURCH IN ADEN ” 56 AN ARABIAN COMPASS 71 A CASTLE IN HADRAMAUT 77 THE HARBOR AND CASTLE AT MUSCAT READY FOR A CAMEL RIDE IN THE DESERT _Facing_ 80 A BRANCH OF THE INCENSE TREE 87 TENOOF FROM THE EAST 95 THE VILLAGE OF MENAMAH, BAHREIN ISLANDS A BAHREIN HARBOR BOAT _facing_ 100 A DATE ORCHARD NEAR BUSRAH DATES GROWING ON A DATE-PALM ” 122 THE TOMB OF EZRA ON THE TIGRIS RIVER RUINS OF THE ARCH OF CTESIPHON NEAR BAGDAD ” 132 A PUBLIC KHAN IN TURKISH-ARABIA ARAB PILGRIMS ON BOARD A RIVER STEAMER ” 140 FOUR FLAGS THAT RULE ARABIA 217 CUFIC CHARACTERS 243