Most of the Neo-Gothic in Canada up to this time is more properly to be considered Early rather than High Victorian (see Chapter 6). An exception to this, perhaps, is University College in Toronto, designed in 1856 by F. W. Cumberland (1821-81), who had come out from England in 1847. Yet its rich and rather bombastic Norman design is closer to English work of the earlier decades of the century than to the round-arched Ruskinian Gothic of the fifties. Australia, the other major British Dominion, had nothing comparable to Canada to offer in this period. Wardell’s English, Scottish, and Australian Bank in Melbourne is a passable example of secular High Victorian Gothic but no more than that. St John Evangelist’s, which he built at Toorak south of Melbourne in 1860-73, is handsomer but very simple—still almost Puginian, indeed—and all of monochrome ashlar. The enormous Catholic cathedral of Melbourne, St Patrick’s, which Wardell began in 1860, is more Continental in character, with two west towers like Renwick’s St Patrick’s in New York and also a tall crossing tower completed only in 1939. The Catholic cathedral of Adelaide, St Francis Xavier’s, begun in 1870 and still without its intended western spires, reputedly goes back to a design prepared by Pugin before his death in 1852. But even the later design of his son E. W. Pugin, on which the executed work was actually based, must have been much modified over the years by W. H. Bagot (b. 1880), H. H. Jory (b. 1880), and Lewis Laybourne-Smith (b. 1888), who successively supervised the job. It is certainly no happier an example of High Victorian Gothic than Wardell’s Catholic cathedral in Melbourne. The Anglican cathedral in Melbourne, St Paul’s, having been begun in 1850 from designs by Butterfield, ought to be finer. But Butterfield had made the drawings as early as 1847, before even he was a High Victorian, and the laggard execution of the church by Joseph Reed evidently entailed much modification of the original designs. Moreover, the spires by John Barr date only from 1934. For the very late Anglican cathedral at Brisbane, St John’s, perhaps the finest of the lot, which was begun in 1901 by F. L. Pearson from earlier designs by his father J. L. Pearson as has already been mentioned, Butterfield had also prepared designs in 1884. The architecture of the Dominions remained Colonial in spirit, as these notes on a few Australian churches indicate, well into the present century. First the able Frank Wills, moreover, the English-born architect of Montreal Cathedral, and then Fuller & Laver were drawn away from Canada to the United States, where opportunities were greater. Despite the great interest of the Government Buildings at Ottawa, it was in the United States rather than the British Dominions that the High Victorian Gothic proved a stimulus to such highly original achievement as Furness’s in the seventies.