Mohammed V.--Divisions of Empire for Administrative Purposes--Troublesome Times for the Young Turks--Surrounding Peoples--The Bosnians and Servians--Austro-Hungarians--The Bulgarian’s Declaration of Independence--Turco-Italian War--The First Balkan War and Its Results--Second Balkan War--Reverses of the Young Turks--Plan to Use Armenians to Instigate a Revolt--Offers of Reward Refused--Modified Demands on the Armenians--Still Refused--A Peaceful Endeavor. XVIII. THE MASSACRES OF 1915-16 298 Why the Young Turks Declared War--Reasons for the Beginning of the Massacres--A Draft of Armenians with the Army--Disarmed and Made to Work on the Roads--Turkish Proclamation of “A Holy War”--A Holy War Explained--Proclamation Favorably Received by Mohammedans Everywhere--Suffering Syrian Christians--“A Price on Every Christian Head”--Consequences--Letter from a Medical Missionary--Heart-rending Scenes--A Catholic Priest Who Refuses to Confess Mohammed as God’s Prophet and His Fate--Report of Dr. Vanneman--Urumia--Native Christian Preachers Crucified--Inhabitants of Van Resist--Timely Arrival of Russian Forces--Succor only Temporary--Turks and Kurds Return--“Suppressing Armenian Rebellion”--Turkish Treachery--Scenes along the Road--Christians Held in Prison and then Slain--Atrocities Miscalled “Justifiable and Necessary Measures”--Wholesale Drownings--“Turkey for the Turks”--Testimony of Dr. Herbert Adams Gibbons--The Turks not Satisfied with Less than the Complete Extermination of all Who Oppose Mohammedanism. XIX. THE DEPORTATIONS OF 1915-16 316