At Nice and Monte Carlo this phenomena was also very marked. On one occasion, while making observations from the highest part of the promontory of Monaco on a perfectly calm day, I noticed that the whole of the sea presented this peculiar effect as far as the eye could reach, and that the lines which marked the descending air were never more than 1,000 feet from those which marked the centre of the ascending column. At about three o’clock one afternoon, a large black steamer passed along the coast in a perfectly straight line, and its wake was at once marked by a glassy line, which indicated the centre of an ascending column. This line remained almost straight for two hours, when finally it became crooked and broken. The heat of the steamer had been sufficient to determine this upward current of air. [Illustration: Fig. 6.--Air currents observed in the Mediterranean, ascending currents at _a_, _a_, _a_, and descending currents at _b_, _b_, _b_.] In 1893 I spent two weeks in the Mediterranean, going and returning by a slow steamer from Marseilles to Constantinople, and I had many opportunities of observing the peculiar phenomena to which I have referred. The steamer passed over thousands of square miles of calm sea, the surface being only disturbed by large patches of small ripples (Fig. 6), separated from each other by glassy streaks, which, however, were not straight as on the Atlantic, and I found that in no case was the wind blowing in the same direction on both sides of these streaks, every one of which indicated the centre of an ascending or a descending column of air. If we should investigate these phenomena in what might be called a dead calm, we should find that the air was rising very nearly straight up over the centres of some of these streaks and descending in a vertical line over the centres of others. But, as a matter of fact, there is no such thing as a _dead calm_. The movement of the air is the resultant of more than one force. The air is not only rising in some places and descending in others, but at the same time, the whole mass is moving forward with more or less rapidity from one part of the earth to another, so we must consider that, instead of the air ascending directly from the relatively hot surface of the earth and descending vertically in other places, in reality the whole mass of rotating air is moving horizontally at the same time.