The actual facts, revealed by many centuries of observation and reasoning, are that the earth is a rotating globe, turning once on its axis every twenty-four hours and revolving once round the sun every three hundred and sixty-five days. The sun is also a globe, 1,300,000 times larger than the earth, but so hot that it glows with intense brilliance, while the substances of which it consists are kept in a gaseous or vaporous state. Besides the earth there are seven other principal globes, or planets, which revolve round the sun, at various distances and in various periods, and, in addition to these, there are hundreds of smaller bodies, called asteroids or small planets. There are also many singular bodies called comets, and swarms of still smaller ones called meteors, which likewise revolve round the sun. The earth and the other bodies of which we have just spoken are not only cooler than the sun, but most of them are in a solid state and do not shine with light of their own. The sun furnishes both heat and light to the smaller and cooler bodies revolving round it. In fact, the sun is simply a _star_, resembling the thousands of other stars which surround us in the sky, and its apparent superiority to them is due only to the fact that it is relatively near-by while they are far away. It is probable that all, or most, of the stars also have planets, comets, and meteors revolving round them, but invisible owing to their immense distance. The “paths” in which the earth and the other planets and bodies travel in their revolutions round the sun are called their orbits. These orbits are all elliptical in shape, but those of the earth and the other large planets are not very different from circles. Some of the asteroids, and all of the comets, however, travel in elliptical orbits of considerable eccentricity, _i. e._, which differ markedly from circles. The orbit of the earth differs so slightly from a circle that the eccentricity amounts to only about one-sixtieth. The distance of the earth from the sun being, on the average, 93,000,000 miles, the eccentricity of its orbit causes it to approach to within about 91,500,000 miles in winter (of the northern hemisphere) and to recede to about 94,500,000 miles in summer. The point in its orbit where the earth is nearest the sun is called perihelion, and the point where it is farthest from the sun, aphelion. The earth is at perihelion about Jan. 1, and at aphelion about July 4.