Now, in order to make a general picture in the mind of the earth's situation, let the reader suppose himself to be placed out in space as far from the sun as from the other stars. Then, if he could see it, he would observe the earth as a little speck, shining like a mote in the sunlight, and circling in its orbit close around the sun. The universe would appear to him to be somewhat like an immense spherical room filled with scattered electric-light bulbs, suspended above, below, and all around him, each of these bulbs representing a sun, and if there were minute insects flying around each light, these insects would represent the planets belonging to the various suns. One of the glowing bulbs among the multitude would stand for our sun, and one of the insects circling round it would be the earth. [Illustration: =Photograph of the South Polar Region of the Moon= Made by G. W. Ritchey with the forty-inch refractor of the Yerkes Observatory. ] We have already remarked that the rotation of the earth on its axis causes all the other heavenly bodies to _appear_ to revolve round it once every twenty-four hours, and we must now add that the earth's revolution round the sun causes the same bodies to _appear_ to make another, slower revolution round it once every year. This introduces a complication of apparent motions which it is the business of astronomy to deal with, and which we shall endeavour to explain. =3. The Horizon, the Zenith, and the Meridian.= First, let us consider what is the ordinary appearance of the sky. When we go out of doors on a clear night we see the heavens in the shape of a great dome arched above us and filled with stars. What we thus see is one half of the spherical shell of the heavens which surrounds us on all sides, the earth being apparently placed at its centre. The other half is concealed from our sight behind, or below, the earth. This spherical shell, of which only one half is visible to us at a time, is called the celestial sphere. Now, the surface of the earth seems to us (for this is another of the deceptive appearances which astronomy has to correct) to be a vast flat expanse, whose level is broken by hills and mountains, and the visible half of the celestial sphere seems to bend down on all sides and to rest upon the earth in a circle which extends all around us. This circle, where the heavens and the earth appear to meet, is called the horizon. As we ordinarily see it, the horizon appears irregular and broken on account of the unevenness of the earth's surface, but if we are at sea, or in the midst of a great level prairie, the horizon appears as a smooth circle, everywhere equally distant from the eye. This circle is called the sensible horizon. But there is another, ideal, horizon, used in astronomy, which is called the rational horizon. It is of the utmost importance that we should clearly understand what is meant by the rational horizon, and for this purpose we must consider another fact