Charlemagne (742-814 A. D.,) himself gave directions how to brew the beer for his court, and was as careful in selecting his brew-masters as in choosing his councilors and leaders. A single circumstance, attendant on his defeat of the Saxons at Paderborn, 777 A. D., illustrates the high respect in which brewing was then held, and in this particular, is suggestive of its semi-sacred character among the Allemanni as mentioned above. On that occasion it is related that the Emperor, surrounded by his chief leaders and councilors and by the ambassadors of distant nations, received the homage of the heathen Saxon warriors, caused many thousands of them to be baptized and then celebrated the double triumph of his arms and the Christian faith at a great feast, at which there were seated with him Eginhard, Paul Warnefried and Alcuin, the Emperor’s friends and advisers, and all drank of beer brewed by Charlemagne himself, while they discussed the great events that had just occurred. The drinking vessels were large mugs of a peculiar form which are still to be seen among a collection of relics presented to the Emperor by eastern potentates and now kept in a tower at the west end of the Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle, and exposed to public view once in every seven years. Within a few years numerous relics have been found in the vicinity of Paderborn which indicate that beer brewing must have been as common and necessary in both parties as the cooking of food. The old Danes as far back as 860 A. D. under Gorm the Old, 936 A. D. under Harold Bluetooth, and 985 A. D. under Swend Twybeard, were acquainted with the art of brewing, and their old codes mention it as a most honorable occupation. In Bohemia, breweries were built at Budweis in the year 1256 A. D. by direction of Ottokar II., King of Bohemia, and few cities in the world can point to an establishment of such antiquity. Budweis beer is now almost universally known and approved, though it is needless to say that it differs materially from that made six hundred years ago. In the thirteenth century we see by an old law of France, in the reign of Louis IX., of the year 1268, how highly beer was esteemed and that laws were already made to secure the purity of beer as well as to protect the brewers in their avocation, and for curiosity’s sake we give our readers an extract of those laws as mentioned above: 1. No one shall brew beer or remove it in drays or otherwise, on Sundays or on the solemn feasts of the Holy Virgin. 2. No one shall set up in the brewery who has not served a five years’ apprenticeship, and been three years a partner with a regular brewer. 3. Nothing shall enter into the composition of beer, but good malt and hops, well gathered, picked, and cured, without any mixture of buckwheat, darnel, etc., and the hops shall be inspected by juries, to see that they are not used after being heated, moldy, damp, or otherwise damaged.