We have learned (in Chap. VI) that plants propagate by means of seeds. _They also propagate by means of bud parts,—as rootstocks (rhizomes), roots, runners, layers, bulbs._ The pupil should determine how any plant in which he is interested naturally propagates itself (or spreads its kind). Determine this for raspberry, blackberry, strawberry, June-grass or other grass, nut-grass, water-lily, May apple or mandrake, burdock, Irish potato, sweet potato, buckwheat, cotton, pea, corn, sugar-cane, wheat, rice. Plants may be _artificially propagated_ by similar means, as by _layers_, _cuttings_, and _grafts_. The last two we may discuss here. =Cuttings in General.=—_A bit of a plant stuck into the ground stands a chance of growing; and this bit is a_ =cutting=. Plants have preferences, however, as to the kind of bit which shall be used, but _there is no way of telling what this preference is except by trying_. In some instances this preference has not been discovered, and we say that the plant cannot be propagated by cuttings. Most plants prefer that the cutting be made of the =soft= or =growing parts= (called “wood” by gardeners), of which the “slips” of geranium and coleus are examples. Others grow equally well from cuttings of the =hard= or =mature parts= or =wood=, as currant and grape; and in some instances this mature wood may be of roots, as in the blackberry. In some cases cuttings are made of tubers, as in the Irish potato (Fig. 60). Pupils should make cuttings now and then. If they can do nothing more, they can make cuttings of potato, as the farmer does; and they can plant them in a box in the window. [Illustration: FIG. 158.—GERANIUM CUTTING.] [Illustration: FIG. 159.—ROSE CUTTING.] =The Softwood Cutting.=—The softwood cutting is made from tissue that is still growing, or at least from that which is not dormant. _It comprises one or two joints, with a leaf attached_ (Figs. 158, 159). It must not be allowed to wilt. Therefore, it must be _protected from direct sunlight and dry air until it is well established; and if it has many leaves, some of them should be removed, or at least cut in two, in order to reduce the evaporating surface._ The soil should be uniformly moist. The pictures show the depth to which the cuttings are planted. For most plants, the proper age or maturity of wood for the making of cuttings may be determined by giving the _twig a quick bend: if it snaps and hangs by the bark, it is in proper condition; if it bends without breaking, it is too young and soft or too old; if it splinters, it is too old and woody_. The tips of strong upright shoots usually make the best cuttings. Preferably, each cutting should have a joint or node near its base; and if the internodes are very short it may comprise two or three joints. [Illustration: FIG. 160.—CUTTING-BOX.]