For the constitutional and political tendencies in this period, see Channing, _History of the United States_, II, chaps, X-XII; Greene, _Provincial America_, chaps, V, XII; Andrews, _The Colonial Period_, chap. VII. Economic, social, and intellectual characteristics are well described in Channing, II, chaps, XV-XVII; Greene, chaps, XVI-XVIII; Andrews, _The Colonial Period_, chaps, III, IV. The best account of religious changes in the eighteenth century is in Walker, _History of Congregationalism in America._ See also, Fiske, _New France and New England_, chap. VI. Of special importance for the influence of Princeton College and for the religious conditions in the up-country are _The Life of Devereaux Jarrett_ (Baltimore, 1806); and Alexander, _Biographical Sketches of the Founder and the Alumni of Log College_ (Princeton, 1845). The expansion of population into the interior and the coming of the Germans and Scotch-Irish are well described in Channing, II, chap, XIV; and Greene, chap. XIV. For a full treatment of the German migration see Faust, _The German Element in the United States_ (2 vols. 1909); for the Scotch-Irish see Hanna, _The Scotch-Irish_ (2 vols. 1902). The best account of the characteristics of frontier society in this period is in Turner, _The Old West_, in _Proceedings of the Wisconsin Historical Society_, 1908, p. 184. Of considerable importance for understanding colonial society in this period are the observations of foreign travelers, notably Kalm and Burnaby whose narratives are printed in Pinkerton, _Voyages_ (London, 1808-14), vol. XIII. For understanding the temper and ideals of America in the eighteenth century, no writings are of equal importance with those of John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, especially the _Diary_ of the former (_Works of John Adams_, 10 vols. Boston, 1856) and the _Autobiography_ of the latter, in his collected works and separately printed in many editions. See Bigelow edition. _The Life of Benjamin Franklin written by Himself._ CHAPTER VI THE WINNING OF INDEPENDENCE _If they accept protection, do they not stipulate obedience?_ SAMUEL JOHNSON. _The decree has gone forth, and cannot now be recalled, that a more equal liberty than has prevailed in other parts of the earth, must be established in America._ JOHN ADAMS. I