[Footnote i-230: Although no scholarly substitute for the works of Quesnay, Mirabeau, Mercier de la Rivière, Dupont de Nemours, Le Trosne, Abbé Bandeau, Abbé Roubaud, and some pieces of the occasional physiocrat Turgot, the following will enable the student to derive adequately for general purposes the thought of the Économistes: H. Higgs, _The Physiocrats_ (1897); Gide and Rist, op. cit.; L. H. Haney, _History of Economic Thought_ (1911), 133-57; G. Weulersse, _Le mouvement physiocratique en France (de 1756 à 1770)_; A. Smith, _Wealth of Nations_, Bk. IV, chap. IX; J. Bonar, _Philosophy and Political Science_ (1893); in addition see critical and interpretative writings of Oncken, Stem, Kines, Hasbach, Schelle, Bauer, Feilbogen, De Lavergne.] [Footnote i-231: An integral idea of the French school was its advocacy of the _impôt unique_--a single tax on land. It is difficult to find evidence to controvert Mr. Carey's assertion that Franklin seems never to have advocated this tax (_op. cit._, 154). However, in marginalia on a pamphlet by Allan Ramsay, Franklin held: "Taxes must be paid out of the Produce of the Land. There is no other possible Fund" (cited by Carey, 155). Another reference is found in a letter of 1787 to Alexander Small: "Our Legislators are all Land-holders; and they are not yet persuaded, that all taxes are finally paid by the Land" (_Writings_, IX, 615). It is probable that he felt that a land tax would be dubiously effective in view of the difficulties of collection in sparse settlements.] [Footnote i-232: _Writings_, II, 313 (July 16, 1747). See also _Note Respecting Trade and Manufactures_, London, July 7, 1767 (Sparks, II, 366): "Suppose a country, X, with three manufactures, as _cloth_, _silk_, _iron_, supplying three other countries. A, B, C, but is desirous of increasing the vent, and raising the price of cloth in favor of her own clothiers. In order to do this, she forbids the importation of foreign cloth from A. A, in return, forbids silks from X. Then the silk-workers complain of a decay of trade. And X, to content them, forbids silks from B. B, in return, forbids iron ware from X. Then the iron-workers complain of decay. And X forbids the importation of iron from C. C, in return, forbids cloth from X. What is got by all these prohibitions? _Answer._--All four find their common stock of the enjoyments and conveniences of life diminished."] [Footnote i-233: _Writings_, IV, 469-70.] [Footnote i-234: _Ibid._, V, 155.] [Footnote i-235: Passy, May 27, 1779 (_Writings_, VII, 332).]