(1.) _Ashkenaz_ is the name of a people spread out of _Mysia_ and _Phrygia_ in Asia Minor. "Ascanios," a Greek form of the word, occurs in Homer as the name of a Mysian and Phrygian prince. It is, however, true that, in Jer. 51:27, Ashkenaz is located in Western Armenia, whither this people had later migrated. Here, also, the Assyrians located them. (2.) _Riphath_ was formerly supposed to point to the _Riphæn Mountains_, north of the Danube and west of the Black Sea, but this is very doubtful. (3.) _Togarmah_ (Ezek. 27:14; 38:6) is identified with the land of _Armenia_, whose people have a tradition that they are descended from Targom. 2. =Magog= (called, in Ezek. 38 and 39, _Gog_, the prefix _Ma_ being thought to signify "land") is generally understood to designate the _Scythians_. [Illustration: THE ANCIENT WORLD AND THE DESCENDANTS OF NOAH.] 3. =Madai= is everywhere in Scripture the word translated _Medes_, whose early home was south of the Caspian Sea, whence they marched westward, and conquered the lands as far as the Mediterranean. 4. =Javan= is the Hebrew term for the _Greeks_, as is indicated by various references in the Old Testament. It is especially applied to the Ionians (originally called Iafon-es, the descendants of Iafon, or Javan), who were the Grecian people, with whom the Israelites were brought into commercial relations. Five lands and races are named as subdivisions of the family of Javan in Gen. 10:4, all of which were situated near each other. (1.) _Elishah_ (or, as in Ezek. 27:7, "the isles of Elishah,") is supposed to refer to the _Æolians_, inhabiting the isles of the Ægean Sea, from which came the purple dye mentioned in Ezekiel's reference. (2.) _Tarshish_ was formerly supposed to refer to _Tarsus_ in Cilicia of Asia Minor, on the authority of Josephus, but is now identified with _Tartessus_ in Spain, embracing the coast land from Gibraltar to the Guadalquiver. (3.) _Kittim_, or _Chittim_, was the name applied to the island of _Cyprus_, of which one of the cities was called Kitium. The name Chittim was also loosely given by the Hebrews to the shores and isles of the Mediterranean. (4.) _Dodanim_ (or, as in some copies of 1 Chron. 1:7, Rodanim). If the reading _Dodanim_ be preferred, this may point to the _Dardanians_, a name often applied in the classics to the people of Troy, the famous city of Homer. The other reading, _Rodanim_, which is preferred by some critics, is supposed to point to the isle of Rhodes, in the Ægean Sea, a home of the ancient Greeks. Thus both Javan and all his sons who founded families were connected with the Greek race. (5.) _The Isles of the Gentiles_ (Gen. 10:5) in Hebrew refers not only to islands, but all lands bordering upon the sea. Here it refers to the Japhetic colonies on the coasts of the Mediterranean, the Black and the Caspian Seas.