Effect of Environment Upon Judah's History.--Shishak's Invasion.--War Between the Two Kingdoms.--Amaziah's Wars.--Uzziah's Strong Reign.--Isaiah of Jerusalem.--His Advice to Ahaz in the Crisis of 734 B.C.--The Great Rebellion of 703 B.C.--Home of the Prophet Micah.--Judah's Fate in 701 B.C.--Isaiah's Counsel in a Later Crisis.--The Reactionary Reign of Manasseh.--Two Prophetic Reformers.--Situation of Anathoth.--Josiah's Reign.--The Brief Rule of Egypt.--Jehoiakim's Reign.--The First Captivity.--The Second Captivity.--The End of the Southern Kingdom. XX. THE BABYLONIAN AND PERSIAN PERIODS 194 Jewish Refugees in Egypt.--Situation of Tahpanhes.--Memphis.--The Colony at Elephantine.--Results of the Excavations.--Transformation of the Jews Into Traders.--Home of the Exiles in Babylonia.--Their Life in Babylonia.--Conditions of the Jews in Palestine.--Extent of the Jewish Territory.--Evidences that There Was No General Return of the Exiles in 537 B.C.--The Rebuilding of the Temple.--Discouragement and Hopes of the Jews.--Nehemiah's Response to the Call for Service.--Conditions in the Jewish Community.--Preparations for Rebuilding the Walls.--Character of the Data.--The Walls and Towers on the North.--On the West.--On the South.--On the East.--Significance of Nehemiah's Work.--Extension of Jewish Territory to the Northwest.--Development of Judaism During the Latter Part of the Persian Period. XXI. THE SCENES OF THE MACCABEAN STRUGGLE 207 Alexander's Conquests.--The Impression Upon Southwestern Asia.--The City of Alexandria.--Greek Influence in Palestine.--The Ptolemaic Rule.--Situation of Antioch.--Causes of the Maccabean Struggle.--The Town of Modein.--The First Flame of Revolt.--Character and Work of Judas.--The Pass of Beth-horon.--Scene of the Victory Over the Syrian Generals.--Victory at Bethsura.--Rededication of the Temple.--Campaigns South and East of the Dead Sea.--Victories in Northeastern Gilead.--Cities Captured North of the Yarmuk.--The Second Victory Over Timotheus.--Judas's Return.--Significance of Judas's Victories.--Battle of Beth-zacharias.--Fortunes of Judas's Party.--Victory over Nicanor.--Death of Judas.--Judas's Character and Work. XXII. THE MACCABEAN AND HERODIAN AGE 222