_Pellorneum capistratum_ | X | | | | _Trichastoma malaccense_ | X | O | | | _Trichastoma sepiarium_ | | X | | | _Malacopteron magnum_ | X | O | | | _Malacopteron magnirostre_ | X | O | | | _Kenopia striata_ | X | | | | _Stachyris poliocephala_ | | X | | | _Alcippe brunneicauda_ | X | | O | | _Orthotomus atrogularis_ | | X | | | _Orthotomus sepium_ | | X | O | | _Rhipidura perlata_ | X | | | | _Muscicapa dumetoria_ | X | | | | _Rhinomyias umbratilis_ | X | | | | _Hypothymis azurea_ | | | X | | _Anthreptes simplex_ | | | X | | _Anthreptes rhodolaema_ | | | X | | _Nectarinia hypogrammica_ | | X | | | _Arachnothera longirostris_ | | | | | X _Arachnothera flavigaster_ | | | | | X _Arachnothera chrysogenys_ | | | | | X _Arachnothera affinis_ | | | | | X _Zosterops everetti_ | | O | X | | _Lonchura fuscans_ | | X | O | | _Oriolus xanthonotus_ | | X | O | | _Platysmurus leucopterus_ | | X | O | | +----+----+----+----+---- Total Primary | 16 | 18 | 14 | 2 | 4 | | | | | Total Secondary | 1 | 8 | 14 | 0 | 0 ----------------------------+----+----+----+----+---- The avifauna at Quoin Hill was a mixture of montane, submontane, and lowland species. Smythies (1957:527) defines four altitudinal areas of distribution: Higher Montane, Montane, Submontane, and Lowland. Higher Montane birds have not been recorded on mountains the summits of which are lower than 5,000 feet, although on higher peaks the actual lower limit of occurrence may be considerably below 5,000 feet. Montane birds have not been recorded on mountains the summits of which are lower than 3,000 feet, although specimens may have been taken below that altitude on higher peaks. Submontane, as defined by Smythies, is a comprehensive term applied to birds occurring from sea level to an elevation of 5,000 feet but ordinarily not found away from mountainous country. The Lowland birds normally range from sea level to 3,000 feet. Of the 125 species of birds observed at Quoin Hill, 1.6 per cent were Montane, 14.4 per cent were Submontane and 84 per cent were Lowland species. The distribution of birds 12 miles north of Kalabakan closely resembled that at Quoin Hill except for the total absence of Montane species and an increase of Submontane species to 25 per cent. The observation of fewer species (48) can be attributed to the nearly uniform habitat.