1919 sees first concerted effort to repeal federal law—Initiated by Voluntary Parenthood League, an outgrowth of National Birth Control League—Disbanding of earlier organization and merging of forces—Opposition from birth control advocates on “doctors only” basis arises later—The long hunt for a sponsor—Cummins-Kissel Bill introduced in January, 1923—Re-introduced in next Congress as Cummins-Vaile Bill—Survey of six-year struggle in Congress—Significant characteristics of Congressional reaction—Fear and embarrassment inhibit even those in favor of measure—Suggestions for keeping repeal “dark”—Alternate appeals to logic and humanity—Public opposition (mostly Catholic) relatively slight—Sponsor in Senate received 20 letters for bill to every one against. IV. THE HEARINGS ON THE CUMMINS-VAILE BILL, AND THE AFTERMATH 123 Delay in arranging hearings analogous to delay in sponsoring bill—Joint hearings by Senate and House Judiciary Sub-Committees held on April 8 and May 9, 1924—Mr. Vaile in opening remarks pleads for restoration of American freedom to acquire knowledge, which was taken away 50 years ago—Birth rate in United States proves that people want and get some information in spite of law—Catholic speakers discuss birth control, not the bill—Wages of government employees quoted as reason for passing bill—Prof. Field shows historically that suppression does not suppress—Mrs. Glaser argues for freedom for scientists to learn and teach regarding control of human fertility—Mrs. Carpenter shows how federal law operates to prevent Chicago Clinic—Prof. Johnson gives eugenic view-point—Hearing reopened at request of Catholics—Lengthy irrelevancies—Congressman Hersey heckles the witnesses—Report of Senate Sub-Committee a sop to the workers for the bill—Unique effort to get vote of full Committee before adjournment, as aid to reducing inhibition in next Congress. V. WHY CONGRESS HAS BEEN SO SLOW 166