[Illustration: FIGURE 59.--Pare's scarificator, 16th century. (From _The Workes of that Famous Chirurgeon, Ambrose Parey_, translated by Thomas Johnson, London, 1649. Photo courtesy of NLM.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 60.--Square scarificator, engraved "J.T./Wien," late 18th-early 19th century. Vienna was an early center for the making of scarificators. (NMHT 218383 [M-9257]; SI photo 73-4212.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 61.--An early illustration of the scarificator. Also pictured are a fleam for making scarifications, the pattern of scarifications, a metal cup, and a leech. (From Laurence Heister, _A General System of Surgery_, 7th edition, London, 1759. SI photo 73-4182.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 62.--Square scarificator taken apart. (NMHT 152130 [M-4771]; SI photo 76-9113.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 63.--Cupping and bleeding instruments, 1780. Illustrated are spring lancets, thumb lancets, cups, a square scarificator with pointed blades, and a lamp in which animal fat was burned. Figs. 16, 17, and 18 are unrelated to bloodletting. (From J. A. Brambilla, _Instrumentarium Chirurgicum Viennense_, Vienna, 1780. Photo courtesy of NLM.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 64.--Set of scarificator blades. Each row of blades may be inserted in place of those in need of cleaning or repair. (From the original in the Wellcome Museum by courtesy of the Trustees. Photo L. 2418.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 65.--An early illustration of the octagonal scarificator, 1801. This plate also includes one of the earliest illustrations of the syringe applied to cupping cups. (From Benjamin Bell, _A System of Surgery_, 7th edition, volume 3, Edinburgh, 1801. SI photo 73-5181.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 66.--An unusual octagonal scarificator made by Domenico Pica in 1793. The blade cover is attached by a hinge, and the turnkey on top raises and lowers the entire interior chassis in order to regulate depth of cut. (NMHT 320033.01; SI photo 76-7742.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 67.--Scarificator marked Dom{o} Morett, 1813. (From the original in the Wellcome Museum, by courtesy of the Trustees. Wellcome R2909/1936; photo L 1159.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 68.--Cupping set with base handled torch, 8 blade scarificator, 4 blade scarificator for cupping on temples, 2 cups and alcohol bottle. (NMHT, SI photo 76-9119.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 69.--Calling card, ca. 1860. (SI photo.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 70.--Cupping set manufactured by Charriere of Paris, mid-19th century. Note the tubing used to connect the pump to the cups, and the circular scarificator with blades cutting in opposite directions. (NMHT 302606.007; SI photo 75-090.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 71.--W. D. Hooper's patent cupping apparatus with tubular blades. (From patent specifications, U.S. patent no. 68985. SI photo 73-5193.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 72.--Demours' device for combining cup, scarifier and exhausting apparatus. (From Samuel Bayfield, _A Treatise on Practical Cupping_, London, 1823. Photo courtesy of the NLM.)]