[Illustration: FIGURE 73.--R. J. Dodd's patent cupping apparatus. Figs. 4 and 5 are the tubes for cupping the uterus. Fig. 3 is the flexible match scarifier. (From patent specifications, U.S. patent no. 3537. SI photo 73-5192.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 74.--Circular scarificator. (NMHT 320933.05; SI photo 76-7746.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 75.--Scarificator for vaccination. Mallam's, made by Arnold & Sons, London. Patent 1406. (From the original in the Wellcome Museum by courtesy of the Trustees. Wellcome 13557; photo 125/1960.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 76.--Patent model of Tiemann's scarificator. (NMHT 89797 [M-4289]; SI photo 76-9115.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 77.--Patent model of Leypoldt's scarificator, 1847. (NMHT 89797 [M-4290]; SI photo 73-4213.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 78.--Patent model of Leypoldt's scarificator, 1851. (NMHT 89797 [M-4293]; SI photo 76-9112.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 79.--Baunscheidt's _Lebenswecker_, a counter-irritation device. (NMHT 287885 [M-12936]; SI photo 76-7751.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 80.--Depurator patented by A. F. Jones, 1866. (From patent specifications, reissue 2276. SI photo.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 81.--Junod's boot. (On loan from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. SI photo 73-7885.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 82.--Woman cupping her breast. (From Maw, Son & Thompson, _Surgeon's Instruments, etc._, London, 1882. SI photo 76-13540.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 83.--Glass breast pump with spout for self application. (NMHT 260557 [M-11467]; SI photo 76-7759.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 84.--Goodyear's patent breast pump, manufactured by the Union India Rubber Co. (NMHT 252497 [M-10510]; SI photo 76-7762.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 85.--Brier's Hyperemia Apparatus, 1930s. (From Matthay Hospital Supply Co., _Surgical Instruments_, Los Angeles, 1937(?). SI photo.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 86.--Patent for a complex cupping pump, J. A. Maxam, 1916. (From patent specifications, U.S. patent 1179129. SI photo 73-5186.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 87.--Heinrich Stern's phlebostasis chair, 1915. (From Heinrich Stern, _Theory and Practice of Bloodletting_, New York, 1915. SI photo.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 88.--Old-fashioned cupping in a German physician's office, Chicago, Illinois, 1904. (SI photo 45726-B.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 89.--A man employing leeches to reduce his weight, 16th century. (From P. Boaistuau, _Histoire Podigieuses_, Paris, 1567. Photo courtesy of NLM.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 90.--Osborne's instrument for inserting leeches into the rectum. (From J. Osborne, "Observations on Local Bloodletting," _Dublin Journal of Medical and Chemical Science_, volume 3 (1833). Photo courtesy of NLM.)] [Illustration: FIGURE 91.--Two leeches (_Hirudo medicinalis_) preserved in plastic. (Anthropology Catalog no. 143,077; SI photo 73-4233.)]