Fig. 52. The strawberry. The fleshy part consists of the modified upper
end of the flower stalk or receptacle, while the true fruits are the dry
achenes on or embedded in the surface and popularly called the seeds.
Fig. 53. A three-celled capsule splitting lengthwise as in the common
Iris. Fig. 54. Fruit of the cocklebur, the hooked prickles of which are
admirably adapted for clinging to the fur of animals. Fig. 55. Pods of a
plant of the Mustard family, which split down both edges, unlike the
true peas, which split down only one edge. Fig. 56. Two types of achenes
of the daisy family tipped with plumed bristles, greatly aiding their
carriage by the wind. Fig. 57. Common garden pea--a typical legume. Note
that it splits only on one side. Fig. 58. The samara or two-winged fruit
of the maple. Fig. 59. The samara or single-winged fruit of the ash.
Fig. 60. The dry two-pronged and bristly fruit of the unicorn plant
(_Martynia_), admirably adapted for dispersal by animals.]
dispersal of their seeds. Greater food value to birds and animals
overcomes this in some kinds, and another help is that some fruits of
this sort are covered with hooked prickles or barbs (Figures 54 and 60).
The common weedy burdock, the barbed fruits of which may often be found
sticking to the fur of animals in great quantities, is a case in point.
There are whole groups of plants that rely on this method for seed
dispersal, notably the avens, tick-seed, tick trefoil, and many shrubs
in the tropical regions.
Where the fruits are neither barbed nor very good to eat, and so
apparently doomed to be more or less permanent stay-at-homes, nature has
provided some of them with the proper equipment for flight through the
air. Winged fruits like the maple are to be seen on any windy day during
their season scurrying before the breeze, and consequently spreading
their kind over considerable distances. In the maple there are two
wings, joined at the base where the seeds are embedded in the wings, and
the fruit is known as a _samara_ (Figure 58), or key fruit, from a
slight resemblance to an old-fashioned key. Ash trees bear fruits that
are a slight modification of this type and may be carried considerable
distances by the wind (Figure 59).
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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