[5] Sertão. Literally, interior, midland part. It refers here to the plateau of the Brazilian interior. In the opening pages of his excellent _A Brazilian Mystic_, R. B. Cunninghame-Graham suggests as a periphrasis, “wooded, back-lying highlands.” The German _hinterland_ conveys something of the idea. [6] Ronaldo de Carvalho. _Pequena Historia da Literatura Brasileira._ Rio de Janeiro, 1919. Pp. 13-14. For Euclydes da Cunha, see the special chapter devoted to him in part two. Joaquim Nabuco (1849-1910) was a distinguished publicist and writer, born in Pernambuco. In 1905 he was ambassador to the United States. [7] Rio. 1902. (2a Edição, melhorada pelo auctor.) [8] Op. Cit. 16-17. [9] De Carvalho. Op. Cit. P. 27. [10] Saudade. Compare English _longing_, _yearning_, or German _Sehnsucht_. [11] Rufino José Cuervo (1842-1911) was called by Menéndez y Pelayo the greatest Spanish philologist of the Nineteenth Century. A species of national pride finds vent in philological channels through the discovery of “localisms” in each of the Spanish-American republics. At the most this is of dialectic or sub-dialectic importance, but it illustrates an undoubted trend and supports Cuervo’s contentions. [12] New York, 1921. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. [13] Estudos de Literatura Brazileira. Sexta serie. Rio de Janeiro, 1907. Pp. 47-133. [14] An important monthly published at São Paulo, then under the editorship of Srs. Afranio Peixoto and Monteiro Lobato. [15] Note, for example, the various spellings of the word _literature_ here used as in the originals. [16] The famous Portuguese seat of learning at Coimbra. [17] João Ribeiro. A Lingua Nacional. São Paulo. 1921. [18] Varnhagen, in his Introduction to the _Florilegio da Poesia Brazileira_ (Vol. I of the two volumes that appeared in Lisbon in 1850, pages 19-20), has some interesting remarks upon the early hispanization of Portuguese in Brazil. Among such effects of Spanish upon Brazilian Portuguese he notes the transposition of the possessive pronouns; the opening of all vowels, thus avoiding the elision of final _e_ or converting final _o_ into _u_; the pronunciation of _s_ at the end of a syllable as _s_ instead of as _sh_, which is the Portuguese rule.