Dunc met sa main en sa vermeille chalce Si traist tut fors une enseigne de palie A treis clous d'or en sa lance la lacet Ot le braz destre brandist l'espié en haste Des i qu'as poinz les lengues d'or li'n batent. Then thrust his hand into his scarlet hose And drew forth an ensign of rich silk With three golden nails fastened it to his lance In his right hand brandished the spear with vigor Down to his fist the golden tongues beat down. _Guillaume d'Orange_, _v._ 317. The designs are simple in colour--red, white, yellow--and there is no mention of any charge upon them, though in one instance a red gonfanon is marked by a golden cross: L'espié trait en sa main au vermel gonfanon Une Crois i ot d'or. _Conquête de Jerusalem_, _v._ 425. The pennons were carried by knights; they appear to have been of similar colours to the gonfanons, but were much smaller. Tos chevaliers, n'i a cel n'ait penon. (All knights, there was not one but had a pennon.) _Ogier l'Ardenois_, _v._ 4440. We have already noticed that the name "Standard" appears first applied to a Saracen ensign. Further corroboration of this is supplied by the _Chanson d'Antioche_ and _Le Conquête de Jerusalem_. In the latter poem the author (Richard the Pilgrim) has imagined a wonderful standard carried on an iron chariot and made of ivory and various precious woods, and of an enormous height: L. toises longes i puet on brachoier Onques nus homs de char ne vit si haut clochier. The custom of marking the flag with some distinctive heraldic device appears to have been introduced about the middle of the twelfth century, for the seal of Philip of Flanders (A.D. 1161) shows the Flemish lion on his banner. During the Third Crusade, which followed upon the re-capture of Jerusalem by Saladin (October, 1187), the banner[45] of Richard I of England, which flew from the top of the "Standard" already described, contained a single lion, while that of his great rival, Philip Augustus of France, was blue powdered with gold fleurs-de-lis. The Knights of the Temple, who first come into view in 1128, adopted a banner half black and half white (drear and black to their foes but fair and favourable to their friends) to which they gave the name _bauçan_[46]. Their rivals, the Knights of the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem, who first enter into military activity in 1136, had a red banner with a white cross upon it. The representation in Plate I (fig. 5) is taken from an early manuscript of Matthew Paris and shows a Latin cross; the eight-pointed cross[47], associated with this order, was rarely used except on the vestments of the order, though it occasionally appears on the banner of the commander-in-chief.