[3] E.g. Albert of Aix: longissima hasta quod vocant standart. Baldric of Dol: admiravisi stantarum. Peter Tudebode: Quod stantarum apud nos dicitur vexillum. Robert the Monk: vexillum admiravissi quod standarum vocant. [4] _Historia_, lib. VI: this with the other authorities quoted will be found in the _Recueil des Historiens des Croisades_. [5] Unde quia stat fortissime compaginatum in signum populorum a stando standardum vocitatur. [6] In 1337 streamers were from 14 to 32 ells long and 3 to 5 cloths wide; standards were 9 ells long and 3 cloths wide; while banners were 1¾ ells long and 2 cloths wide. [7] E.g. those of William II, Henry I, Stephen and Alexander I of Scotland. [8] _The Theorike and Practike of moderne warres_, 1598. [9] The fact that the object represented is really a boat has been disputed, but there seem to be no good grounds for the objections made. The question is discussed by Dr Wallis Budge in his _Egypt in the Neolithic and Archaic Periods_ (Books on Egypt and Chaldea, vol. IX), pp. 71 et seq. [10] They are represented in de Morgan's _Recherches sur les Origines de l'Egypte_, in Dr Wallis Budge's work just cited, p. 78, and in Capart's _Primitive Art in Egypt_, p. 210. [11] Ezekiel, chap. xxvii. [12] See the British Museum _Catalogue of Greek coins (Phoenicia)_, edited by Mr G. F. Hill, and Mr Hill's remarks in his introduction, p. xxii. [13] In Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 5. [14] For a more detailed discussion of these standards see papers by Dr Assmann and Mr Hill in the _Zeitschrift für Numismatik_, vol. xxv, and by Prof. E. Babelon in the _Revue Numismatique_ for 1907. Prof. Babelon holds that this cruciform staff is the object which the Greeks called στυλις [Greek: stylis], a word whose meaning has never been satisfactorily determined, and that its primary object was to support the "aphlaston." The other writers do not concur. His theory that the boards which formed the aphlaston were movable and, supported by the "stylis," served to aid the navigation of the ship will not, I think, command many adherents. [15] Pontremoli et Collignon: _Pergame, Restauration et description des Monuments de l'Acropole_, Paris, 1900. [16] See the instances quoted in the chapter on signals, p. 140. [17] τὸ βαρβαρικὸν ἀνέτεινε σημεῖον [Greek: to barbarikon aneteine sêmeion]. _Strategemata_, VIII, 53 (iii). Polyaenus flourished circa 150 A.D. and was therefore writing long after the event he relates, but he appears to have had access to earlier authors whose works have now perished. [18] Herodotus, VII, 100, 128. [19] _Strategemata_, III, 11 (xi). [20] E.g. Diodorus Siculi, XIII, 46, 77; Polyaenus, I, 48 (ii); Polybius, II, 66 (ii). [21] Φοινικις [Greek: Phoinikis] said to be derived from Φοίνιξ [Greek: Phoinix] dark red or purple. Φοίνιξ [Greek: Phoinix] which also denotes a Phoenician is of doubtful etymology and may have been derived from the name of the date palm. [22] _Vide_ Stuart Jones, _Companion to Roman History_.