The above extracts are sufficient to show that corporal punishment was recognized under the Elizabethan codes, though it seems probable that public opinion was against its use, unless the students were quite young; perhaps this was always the practice, and thus, as the age of entry rose, the use of the birch died out. Incepting bachelors and senior students were usually punished for serious offences by deferring their admission to degrees, loss of terms, or rustication: being adult, they were in effect regarded as not subject to corporal punishment. _Stocks. Stangs._ A couple of other physical punishments--ignominious and sometimes painful--may be mentioned in passing. One of these was confinement in Stocks. To this allusion has already been made in the orders of 1572 and 1607. Another instance is to be found in the records of Corpus Christi College, where about 1580, one of the students, Tobias Bland, who had libelled the master, was compelled to confess his fault publicly, next put in the stocks, and then expelled. In the old dining hall of Trinity College there were stocks in the minstrel's gallery, but there is no evidence that they were re-erected when the hall was rebuilt in 1605; perhaps the punishment was then becoming unusual, though against this may be set the fact that there are references to the college stocks in 1610 at King's, in 1625 at Christ's, and in 1642 at Emmanuel. The stocks at King's and Emmanuel, like those at Trinity, were in the hall. Allusions to their use are rare. The punishment continued to be inflicted after the restoration, for on 10 April 1680, Thomas Grigson, who had been rude to the junior proctor, Thomas Verdon of St John's College, was ordered to be "sett fast in the stocks, by the heeles for one whole houre, which was presently effected by the Constable of Saint Bennett's Parish in Cambridge." He had partially atoned for his offence by begging pardon on his knees, and so escaped a worse punishment. The Stang was a wooden pole on which the luckless culprit was tied, and carried ignominiously through the courts of his college. In John Ray's _Collection of English Words not Generally Used_, London, 1674, it is said that the "word is still used in some colleges in the University of Cambridge; to stang scholars in Christmas, being to cause them to ride on a colt-staff or pole for missing of chappel." References to the place where the pole was kept occur in the account-books of Trinity, St John's, Queens', and Christ's. In Parne's unpublished manuscript history of Trinity College, allusion is made to stanging as though at the beginning of the eighteenth century it had become recently obsolete. From his language it would seem also that undergraduates themselves inflicted the punishment on those of their members who declined to take part in the Christmas revelries.