_Fines._ Pecuniary fines have been used to enforce discipline from the earliest times by the University as well as by the colleges: after the renaissance, the increasing age and means of students made fines a suitable penalty for many of the less serious offences, such as participation in forbidden amusements, visits to places out of bounds, walking across the grass in college courts, smoking in public places, the failure to wear academic dress when required, non-attendance at lectures, chapel, hall, etc. Probably grave misconduct was punished otherwise, or by fines combined with additional penalties. A fine, if heavy, presses unequally on men of different means; and thus a system of fines on a fixed scale cannot be regarded as equitable. Fines are still used as penalties for the infraction of rules. _Discommonsing. Dissizaring._ To be put out of commons was a well-recognized penalty, applicable chiefly to scholars and sizars, part of whose emolument consisted of a right to dine in hall and, in some cases, to have commons (bread, butter, and beer) to a limited amount each day. To deprive such a student of the right to dine in hall or of his commons was equivalent to a pecuniary fine, and in the case of a poor scholar might be a severe, though not a satisfactory, punishment; probably a modicum of bread and beer was supplied to students even when discommonsed. In some comments, published in 1768, on university education at Cambridge, discommonsing is described as "one of the most idle and anile punishments ... inflicted rather on the parent than on the young man, who being prohibited to eat in Hall is driven to purchase a dinner at a tavern or coffee house." Here is an example of an order of discommonsing at Trinity in the seventeenth century: "Agreed that Cassill should be punisht a monthes commons.... Agreed at the same time that Pepys besides a monthes commons, should have an admonition and pay the charges of the chirurgion for the healinge Cassil's head w^h he broke with a key." (Conclusion, 1 August 1643.) Its preservation is due to the fact that Pepys' punishment was combined with an admonition, and evidence that an admonition had been given might be required if subsequently a question of expulsion arose. The culprit in question was Thomas Pepys (B.A. 1645) and not the Samuel of immortal memory. In 1815, Mansel, master of Trinity and bishop of Bristol, was accustomed to put men out of sizings and commons if they appeared in hall in trousers instead of knee breeches, and it would seem then that to be put out of sizings further deprived the student of obtaining private supplies from the college kitchens. Half a century ago the penalty was still in use at Trinity, being imposed on scholars in waiting, who failed to appear after hall to say grace.