Rapid Increase of Population--Mineral Wealth--Cereals--Imports and Exports--Climate--Agriculture--A Settler’s Life--Reciprocity Treaty--Report of the Committee of the Executive Council--Mr. Galt--Senator Douglas--A Zollverein--Terms of the Convention--Free Trade, and what is meant by it--Mr. Galt’s opinion on the subject--Canadian Imports and Exports 241 CHAPTER XV. Reciprocal Rights--American Ideas of Reciprocity--The Ad Valorem System--Commercial Improvements--Trade with America--The Ottawa Route--The Saskatchewan--Fertility of the Country--Water Communication--The Maritime Provinces--Area and Population 259 CHAPTER XVI. The “Ashburton Capitulation”--Boundaries of Quebec--Arbitration in 1831--Lord Ashburton’s Mission--The questions in dispute--“The Sea” _v._ “The Atlantic”--American Diplomatists--Franklin’s Red Line--Compromise--The Maps--Maine--Damage to Canada--Mr. Webster’s Defence--His Opinion of the Road--Value of the Heights--Our Share of Equivalents--Strategic value of Rouse’s Point--Mr. Webster on the Invasion of Canada--Vermont--New Hampshire 283 CHAPTER XVII. The Acadian Confederation--Union is Strength--The Provinces--New Brunswick--The Temperature--Trade of St. John--Climate and agriculture of Nova Scotia--Newfoundland--Prince Edward Island--The Red River District--Assiniboia--The Red River Valley--Minnesota and the West--The Hudson’s Bay Company--Their Territory--The North-West Regions--Climate of Winnipeg Basin--The area of Winnipeg Basin--Finances of the Confederation--Imports, exports, and tonnage--Proposed Federal Constitution--Lessons from the American struggle 310 [Illustration: (map of Upper and Lower Canada.) _Stanfords Geographical Estab^t. London._ London: Bradbury & Evans, 11 Bouverie Street.] CANADA: ITS DEFENCES, CONDITION, AND RESOURCES. CHAPTER I. Introductory--Canada and the Mason and Slidell case--Threats of annexation--Defence of Canada--Reasons for visiting the British Provinces--Illness at New York--Hostility displayed there--Monotony of New York--Hotel life--“Birds of a feather”--Nationality absorbed--Start for Canada--Railway Companions--Public credulity--A victory in the papers--History of “A Big Fight”--General Pumpkin and Jefferson Brick. I do not pretend to offer any new observations on the climate, soil, or capabilities of Canada, nor can I venture to call these pages a “work” on that great province. I have nothing novel to advance in the hope of attracting an immigration to its wide-spread territories, and any statistical facts and figures I may use are accessible to all interested in the commerce or in the past, present, and future of the land.