[111] Their use of the phrase “worthy of death” applied to such mild offenders as the scholar with stained clothing (Sabb. 104a), is naturally to be understood as an emphatic hyperbole. [112] E. g. Mishna Sanh. iv, 5; Tos. Sanh. ix, 5; Macc. 5b. [113] Num. xxxv, 31, 32; Exod. xxi, 30, 32. [114] Josephus _Antiq._, XVI, i, 1. Compare I Sam. xxvi, 19. [115] Baba Bathra 8b, 10a. [116] Exod. xxii, 2; II Kings iv, 1; Josephus _Antiq._, XVI, i, 1. [117] Lev. xix, 20; Deut. xxii, 18; xxv, 3; II Cor. xi, 24; Luke xxiii, 15, 16, 22; Josephus _Antiq._, IV, viii, 21; XIII, x, 6; Macc. iii, 1 seqq., 15. But see Maimonides Sanh. 19, where among the two hundred and seven cases for which flagellation is the legal punishment, eighteen cases are enumerated in which flagellation is imposed on the one deserving death “from the hands of Heaven.” [118] Lev. xxiv, 12; Num. xv, 34; Acts iv, 3; xii, 4; xxii, 19; Mechilta Mishpatim VI, p. 83a; Schechter, _Sectaries_, p. 12, ll. 2-6; Sulzberger, _Jew. Quart. Rev._, 1914-15, V, 598-604. [119] Ezra vii, 26. [120] Sanh. ix, 5. [121] Cf. I Kings xxii, 27. [122] Either the witnesses were separated and not together, (Rab), or the witnesses had not warned the murderer, (Samuel), or they had tripped up in giving evidence, (Abimi). [123] J. Sanh. ix, 5. [124] Sanh. 27a bottom. [125] The blind is one of the four classes (poor, leper, blind, childless), who are considered as dead. Nedarim 62b. Practically, the one blinded is rendered harmless for the future. [126] Rashi ad loc. Kohut’s _Aruch_ בּה. See also Peah viii, 9 of the unjust judge, “until his eyes grow dim,” with reference to Exod. xxiii, 8, Deut. xvi, 19. [127] Sifra 92a, 11; J. Sanh. VII, 24b; Sanh. 52b, bottom. [128] Josephus, _Antiq._, XIV, ix, 3; Mishna Sanh. ii, 2. [129] Usually translated “cut off from his people.” But the Hebrew term _amav_ is plural and seems to mean ‘kinsfolk’ rather than ‘people.’ Gen. xvii, 14; Exod. xii, 15, 19; xxx, 33, 38; Lev. vii, 20f, 25, 27; xvii, 4, 9, 10, 14; xx, 6; xxii, 3; Num. xix, 13, 20, etc., etc. [130] Josh. vii, 24f. [131] I Kings xxi, 3; II Kings ix, 26. [132] Ezek. xxiii, 47; Cf. also II Kings xxv, 7; Num. xvi, 32. [133] E. g. Exod. xxxi, 14; Lev. xviii, 7, 8, 15, 20, 23, 29. [134] Yeb. 55a. [135] Moed Katan 28a; J. Bikk. II, 1, 64c. [136] Sanh. 64b, 90b to Num. xv, 31; Maimonides, Hilchoth Teshuba 8. According to Maimonides, “death by the hands of Heaven” differs from _Kareth_, in that the former refers only to this life, the death serving as an expiation, whereas _Kareth_ refers also to the future life. But see Jebam. 2a, Tosafoth אשח on the meaning of _Kareth_. [137] Lev. xvii, 10; xx, 3, 5, 6. Cf. “and _I_ will destroy,” parallel to “and shall be cut off” Lev. xxiii, 29, 30. [138] Lev. xx, 19. [139] Lev. xx, 20. [140] Lev. xx, 21. [141] _Kareth_, according to Rabbinical law, could be commuted to scourging under certain conditions. Mishna Macc. iii, 15. [142] Sanh. 33b. bottom.