[143] Baba Kamma 88a. [144] Mishna Sanh. iii, 3; Sanh. 24a, 24b, 25b. [145] Mishna Macc. i, 8; Macc. 6b, 7a; Mishna Sanh. iii, 4. [146] Baba Bathra 43a. [147] Mishna Sanh. iv, 5; Sanh. 37a. [148] Sanh. 29a; Susanna 52 seqq. [149] Sanh. 32b. [150] Mishna Sanh. v, 1. [151] Mishna Sanh. iii, 6; v, 2. [152] Mishna Sanh. v, 2; Sanh. 40a; Susanna ibid.; Mark xiv, 56, 59. [153] Mishna Sanh. _passim_; Sanh. 40a-41a; 80a; Mishna Macc. 1, 9; Macc. 6b; Mechilta to Exod. xxi, 12; Sifra to Num. xv, 33 and to Deut. xxii, 24. [154] Sanh. 8b; Macc. 16a. [155] Sanh. 8b. [156] Sanh. 40b. [157] Sanh. 41a; 8b; Macc. 6b; 9b. [158] E. g. a money penalty was allowed in compensation for unintentional murder or constructive homicide, Exod. xxi, 29, 30. [159] Macc. 6b. [160] E. g. Mishna Sanh. vi, 4. [161] Sanh. 37b; Mechilta to Exod. xxiii, 7. [162] Deut. xvii, 6. [163] Sanh. 37b and Tosafoth; Maimonides, Hilchoth Sanh. xx, 1. [164] Mishna Sanh. ix, 2. [165] Sanh. 72a. [166] Except in pecuniary penalties, Baba Kamma 4b, Tosafoth. [167] Macc. 5b; Kerit. 3a top; Sanh. 54a bottom; 76a; Sifra to Lev. xx, 17. [168] Mishna Sanh. i, 4. [169] Mishna Sanh. iv, 2; Sanh. 36b. [170] Mishna Sanh. iv, 5. [171] Tos. Sanh. ix, 1. [172] Tos. Sanh. vii, 2. The duty of trying to find means of freeing the accused is deduced from Num. xxxv, 25. [173] Except for an adulterer and an adulteress receiving the same punishment for the same sin, J. Sanh. IV, 5. Tos. Sanh. vii, 2. [174] Mishna Sanh. iv, 1; v, 5. [175] Mishna Sanh. i, 6; iv, 1; v, 5. [176] Mishna Sanh. iv, 1; v, 5. [177] Tos. Sanh. vii, 2, ix, 1; Sanh. 32a, 34a. [178] Sanh. 17a. [179] Deut. xxxii, 35. [180] Instead of the required stoning, the culprit would fall from a roof or be trampled by an animal. Instead of being burned by the sentence of a court, he would fall into a fire or be bitten by a snake. Instead of being executed by the court, he would fall into the power of the government or of robbers. Instead of suffering the legal punishment of strangulation, he would die from drowning or suffocation. Sanh. 37b. [181] Exod. xxiii, 7. Rashi. [182] Mishna Sanh. iv, 1. [183] Sanh. 42b, 43a. [184] Macc. 7a; Mishna Sanh. vi, 1 seqq.; Susanna 45; Moed Katan 14b. [185] Schuerer, (4th edit.), II, 261, note 79; and pp. 264, 265. [186] John xviii, 31. The trial of Paul described in Acts xviii, 12-16, reflecting conditions in Corinth, depicts the Jew as exercising jurisdiction only in religious matters. [187] Sanh. 41a bottom; Sabb. 15a; Aboda Zara 8b; Rosh Hashana 31a bottom; Mechilta de R. Simon p. 126; J. Sanh. I, 1, 18a; VII, 2, 24b; Nachmanides to Numbers xxxv, 29. [188] Sota 8b; Keth. 30a bottom; Sanh. 37b. [189] _Antiq._, XIII, x, 6. [190] _Ibid._, XVIII, i, 4. [191] _War_, II, viii, 9. [192] _War_, VI, ii, 4. [193] Schuerer, II, 262. See J. Juster, _Les Juifs dans l’Empire Romain_, II, 142, note 5.