The preliminary and final processes in the manufacture of Ingrain carpets are substantially the same, as regards winding, beaming, finishing, etc., as for other fabrics; and these have been already described. Mention may be made, however, of a warping mill for preparing the warp beams for wide carpets. The yarns are wound from bobbins fixed in a frame, in some convenient multiple of the number of ends required, on to a large reel frame or warping mill, which revolves on either a vertical or horizontal axis. This frame has a diameter of about 12 ft., so as to enable a long length of warp to be wound upon it. When the required number of ends of the desired lengths have been wound, they are unwound from the reel on to a beam, which can be fitted into the beaming machine, and detached again, so as to go into the loom. The beaming machine is adjustable to take different widths of beam. Compared with some carpet fabrics, Ingrain must take a modest place. The effects of design and colour of which it is capable are limited; and though, in theory, the combination of three or four wefts, with as many warps of similar or different colours, gives an almost indefinite potential number of colour combinations, yet in practice these have their limits. It will be generally conceded that Ingrain carpets are most effective in simple and severe designs, using few colours. Nor can it claim to be a luxurious carpet to tread upon. Even the heaviest Ingrain lacks the resiliency, which the looped pile gives to even a cheap Brussels or Tapestry. On the other hand, it can be very artistic within its limitations; and it has the merit of being made in wide seamless carpets, and of these carpets being clean in wear and easily handled. CHAPTER XI DESIGN AND COLOUR