In many birds the upper mandible is continued far back over the forehead, and there dilated, so as to form a _casque_ or _helmet_. In rapacious birds and parrots there is a belt of soft naked skin at the base of the upper mandible, named the _cere_, in which the nostrils are placed, while around the eye is a space, often denuded of feathers, called the _ophthalmic_ region (11). The HEAD is that part which lies immediately over the skull, extending from the base of the beak to the commencement of the neck. The _front_ or _forehead_ (12) is that part of the head which lies close above the nostrils; then follows the _crown_ or _summit_ (17), which occupies the middle or centre of the head, forming that part which is usually occupied by the crest in birds so ornamented. The _hind head_(18) commences at the declivity of the skull; its lower portion is called the _nape_ (19). [Illustration: Fig. 13.--ORNITHOLOGICAL REGIONS OF THE BODY OF A SMALL BIRD. 1. Upper Mandible. 2. Lower Mandible. 3. Nostrils. 4. Ridge, or Culmen. 5. Commissure, or cutting edges of the Mandibles. 6. Apex, or point of the Beak. 7. The Chin. 8. Upper Throat. 9. Keel, or Gonys. 10. } Coloured Bands, usually called Bridles and Stripe. 11. } 12. The Forehead. 13. The Gape, or Rictus. 14. Space around the Eye. 15. Lower Throat. 16. Superciliary Region. 17. Crown, Summit, or Vertex. 18. Hind Head, or Occipital Region. 19. The Nape, or Nucha. 20. The Ear, or Ear-feathers. 21. The Throat. 22. The Breast. 23. The Neck above, or Upper Neck. 24. The Back, or Mantle. 25. Scapular Wing-covers. 26. Lower Back, or Tergum. 27. The Shoulder. 28. Body, or Lower Breast. 29. The Belly. 30. The Vent. 31. The Tail Feathers. 32. The Under Tail-covers. 33. Spurious Quills. 34. Secondary Quills, or Secondaries. 35. Primary Quills, or Primaries. 36. The Shoulder Margin. 37. Wing Covers. 38. Under-surface or Under-part of the Body. 39. The Tarsus, or Leg. 40. The Front Toes. 41. The Hinder Toe, or Hallux. 42. Upper Tail-covers. ] On the sides of the head the following parts have received distinct names:--The feathers that cover the ears, to save repetition, are usually called the _ears_ (20): they are generally rather more rigid and their webs more disconnected than the surrounding feathers. The space between these and the corner of the mouth (usually called the _gape_)(13), is termed the _cheek_. The parts of the NECK are thus designated:--The back of the neck is called the _upper neck_, or _nucha_ (23), beneath which is the _lower neck_ or _auchenium_. The under-side of the neck is divided into three regions; first, there is the _chin_ (7), or that small space just beneath the lower mandible; to the chin succeeds the _upper throat_ (8), between which and the broad part of the body is the _lower throat_ (15).