The King's Accession--State of Europe--Henry and Julius II.--Treaty between England and Spain--Henry is duped by Ferdinand--New Combinations--Execution of Suffolk--Invasion of France--Battle of Spurs--Invasion of England by the Scots--Flodden Field--Death of James of Scotland--Louis breaks up the Holy League--Peace with France--Marriage and Death of Louis XII.--Rise of Wolsey--Affairs in Scotland--Francis I. in Italy--Death of Maximilian--Henry a Candidate for the Empire--Election of Charles--Field of the Cloth of Gold--Wolsey's Diplomacy--Failure of his Candidature for the Papacy--The Emperor in London 102 CHAPTER VII. REIGN OF HENRY VIII. (_continued_). The War with France--The Earl of Surrey Invades that Country--Sir Thomas More elected Speaker--Henry and Parliament--Revolt of the Duke of Bourbon--Pope Adrian VI. dies--Clement VII. elected--Francis I. taken Prisoner at the Battle of Pavia--Growing Unpopularity of Wolsey--Change of Feeling at the English Court--Treaty with France--Francis I. regains his liberty--Italian League, including France and England, established against the Emperor--Fall of the Duke of Bourbon at the Siege of Rome--Sacking of Rome, and Capture of the Pope--Appearance of Luther--Henry writes against the German Reformer--Henry receives from the Pope the style and Designation of "Defender of the Faith"--Anne Boleyn--Henry applies to the Pope for a Divorce from the Queen--The Pope's Dilemma--War declared against Spain--Cardinal Campeggio arrives in England to decide the Legality of Henry's Marriage with Catherine--Trial of the Queen--Henry's Discontent with Wolsey--Fall of Wolsey--His Banishment from Court and Death--Cranmer's advice regarding the Divorce--Cromwell cuts the Gordian Knot--Dismay of the Clergy--The King declared Head of the Church in England--The King's Marriage with Anne Boleyn--Cranmer made Archbishop--The Pope Reverses the Divorce--Separation of England from Rome 130 CHAPTER VIII. REIGN OF HENRY VIII. (_continued_). The Maid of Kent and Her Accomplices--Act of Supremacy and Consequent Persecutions--The "Bloody Statute"--Deaths of Fisher and More--Suppression of the Smaller Monasteries--Trial and Death of Anne Boleyn--Henry Marries Jane Seymour--Divisions in the Church--The Pilgrimage of Grace--Birth of Prince Edward--Death of Queen Jane--Suppression of the Larger Monasteries--The Six Articles--Judicial Murders--Persecution of Cardinal Pole--Cromwell's Marriage Scheme--Its Failure and his Fall 158 CHAPTER IX. REIGN OF HENRY VIII. (_concluded_).