Not only here but when the crowd trekked back, and in the subsequent scenes which were witnessed in supply stations and shelters, the association which Sidis draws between calamity and hyper-suggestibility in the body politic was abundantly endorsed. We must now endeavor to understand the phenomena of emotion which accompany a great catastrophe. This is not the less difficult because the term emotion is not given consistent use even by psychologists. One interprets it as merely the affective side of the instinctive process--those "modes of affective experience," such as "anger, fear, curiosity," which accompany the excitement of "the principal powerful instincts."[60] Another sees it as also an impulsive, not merely a receptive state. It is "the way the body feels when it is prepared for a certain reaction," and includes "an impulse toward the particular reaction."[61] [60] McDougall, _op. cit._, p. 46. [61] Woodworth, Robert S., _Dynamic Psychology_ (N. Y., 1918), ch. iii, p. 54. It will be accurate enough for our purpose to think of the emotions as complicated states of feeling more or less allied to one another and to the human will.[62] Among them are jealousy and envy--"discomfort at seeing others approved and at being out-done by them."[63] This appeared repeatedly in the administration of relief and should be included in disaster psychology. Again greed[64]--more strictly a social instinct than an emotion--was common. How common will receive further exemplification in a later chapter. [62] "Anger, zeal, determination, willing, are closely allied, and probably identical in part. Certainly they are aroused by the same stimulus, namely, by obstruction, encountered in the pursuit of some end." (_Ibid._, p. 149.) [63] Thorndike, _op. cit._, p. 101. [64] "To go for attractive objects, to grab them when within reach, to hold them against competitors, to fight the one who tries to take them away. To go for, grab and hold them all the more if another is trying to do so, these lines of conduct are the roots of greed." (_Ibid._, p. 102.) Fear has already been referred to. Anger, shame, resentment while evident, were of less significance. Gratitude was early shown and there were many formal expressions of it. Later on, it seemed to be replaced by a feeling that as sufferers they, the victims, were only receiving their due in whatever aid was obtained. Of special interest is the role of the tender emotions, kindliness, sympathy and sorrow, as well as the reactions which may be expected when these occur in unusual exaltation through the repetition of stimuli or otherwise. Whatever may be the nature of the process whereby the feelings of his fellows affect a man, that which chiefly concerns us here, is how these reactions differ when the stimulation is multiplex. Of this multiplex stimulation in collective psychology Graham Wallas has written: