Charles Sumner: his complete works, volume 16 (of 20)Sumner, Charles
History
Charles Sumner: his complete works, volume 16 (of 20)
Sumner, Charles
Slavery -- United States; Speeches, addresses, etc., American
Forgetting that the actual name implies Unity, and, when we consider
its place in the preamble of the National Constitution, that it
implies Nationality also, the partisans of State pretensions argue
from it against even the idea of country; and here I have a curious
and authentic illustration. In reply to an inquirer,[61] who wished
a single name, Mr. Calhoun exclaimed: “Not at all; we have no name
because we ought to have none; we are only States united, and have
no country.” Alas, if it be so!--if this well-loved land, for which
so many have lived, for which so many have died, is not our country!
But this strange utterance shows how completely the poison of these
pretensions had destroyed the common sense, as well as the patriotism,
of this much-mistaken man.
Names may be given by sovereign power to new discoveries or
settlements; but, as a general rule, they grow out of the soil,
they are autochthonous. Even Augustus, when ruling the Roman world,
confessed that he could not make a new word,[62] and Plato tells
us that “a creator of names is the rarest of human creatures.”[63]
Reflecting on these things, we may appreciate something of the
difficulty in the way of a new name at the formation of the National
Constitution. As this was little more than a transcript of prevailing
ideas and institutions, it was natural to take the name used in the
Declaration of Independence.
And yet it must not be forgotten that there was a name of
different character which was much employed. Congress was called
“Continental,” the army “Continental,” the money “Continental,”--a
term certainly of unity, as well as vastness. But there was still
another national designation, accepted at home and abroad. Our
country was called “America,” and we were called “Americans.” Here
was a natural, unsought, and instinctive name,--a growth, and not
a creation,--implying national unity and predominance, if not
exclusive power, on the continent. It was used not occasionally or
casually, but constantly,--not merely in newspapers, but in official
documents. Not an address of Congress, not a military order, not a
speech, which does not contain this term, at once so expansive and so
unifying. At the opening of the first Continental Congress, Patrick
Henry, in a different mood from that of a later day, announced the
national unity under this very name. Declaring the boundaries of the
several Colonies effaced, and the distinctions between Virginians,
Pennsylvanians, New-Yorkers, and New-Englanders as no more, he
exclaimed, in words of comprehensive patriotism, “I am not a Virginian,
but an _American_.”[64] Congress took up the strain, and commissioned
Washington as commander-in-chief of the armies “for the defence
of _American_ liberty”;[65] and Washington himself, in his first
general order at Cambridge, assuming his great command, announced
that the armies were “for the support and defence of the liberties of
_America_;[66] and in a letter to Congress, just before the Battle
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