Children's Ways: Being selections from the author's "Studies of childhood," with some additional matterSully, James
Science
Children's Ways: Being selections from the author's "Studies of childhood," with some additional matter
Sully, James
Child development; Child psychology
Not only do the small experimenters thus stretch the application of
their words beyond our conventional limitations, they are often daring
enough when their stock fails them to invent new names. Sometimes this
is done by framing a new composite name out of familiar ones. One child,
for example, possessing the word steam-ship and wanting the name
sailing-ship, cleverly hit upon the composite form "wind-ship". One
little girl, when only a year and nine months old, showed quite a
passion for classing objects by help of such compound names, arranging
the rooms, for example, into "morner-room," "dinner-room" (she was fond
of adding "er" at this time) and "nursery-room". Savages do much the
same kind of thing, as when the Aztecs called a boat a "water-house".
It is no less bold a feat when the hard-pressed tyro in speechland
frames a new word on the model of other words which he already knows.
The results are often quaint enough. One small boy talked of the
"rainer," the fairy who makes rain, and another little boy dubbed a
teacher the "lessoner". Two children invented the quaint substantive
"thinks" for "thoughts," and another child used the form "digs" for
holes dug in the ground. Other droll inventions occur, as when one small
person asked to see another worm "deading," and neatly expressed the act
of undoing a parcel by the form "unparcel"; and when another child spoke
of his metal toy being "unhotted," lacking our word cooled, and asked,
"Can't I be sorried?" for "Can't I be forgiven?"
Just as children invent new general names, so they now and again invent
"proper" names in order to mark off one person or thing from another of
the same kind. Thus a German professor tells us that his grand-niece
introduced her new nurse, who had the same name, "Mary," as her old one,
as "Evening Mary," because she had arrived in the evening.
Of course children's experiments in language are not always so neat as
this. They are sometimes misled by false analogies into the formation of
such clumsy words as "sorrified" for "sorry," and "magnicious" for
"magnificent".
_The Sentence-builder._
It is an interesting moment when the young linguist tries his hand at
putting words together in sentences. As is pretty well known, a child
has for some time to try to make known his thoughts and wishes by single
vocables, such as "mamma," "milk," "puss," "up," and so forth. Each of
these words serves in the first baby language for a variety of
sentences. Thus "Puss!" means sometimes "Puss is doing something," at
other times "I want puss," and so forth. But somewhere about the age of
one year nine months the child makes bold to essay a more explicit and
definite form of statement.
The construction of sentences proceeds in a cautious manner. At first
the structure is of the simplest, two words being placed one after the
other, in what is called apposition, as in the couple, "Big bir" (big
bird), "Papa no" (papa's nose), and the like.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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