Children's Ways: Being selections from the author's "Studies of childhood," with some additional matterSully, James
Science
Children's Ways: Being selections from the author's "Studies of childhood," with some additional matter
Sully, James
Child development; Child psychology
What we find when the child grows and can give an account of his
observations is that, while often surprisingly minute in particular
directions, they are narrowly confined. Thus a child will sometimes be
so impressed with the colour of an object as almost to ignore its form.
A little girl of eighteen months, who knew lambs and called them
"lammies," on seeing two black ones in a field among some white ones
called out, "Eh! doggie, doggie!" The likeness of colour to the black
dog overpowered the likeness in form to the other lambs close by. We
shall find further examples of this one-sided observation when we come
to consider children's drawings.
The pressure of practical needs tends, however, to develop a fuller
examination of objects. A lamb and a dog, for example, have to be
distinguished by a number of marks in which the supremely interesting
detail of colour holds a quite subordinate place. Individual things,
too, have to be more carefully distinguished, if only for the purpose of
drawing the line between what is "mine" and "not mine," for example,
spoons and picture-books. The recognition of the mother, say, exacts
this fuller inspection, for she cannot always be recognised by her
height alone, for example, when she is sitting, nor by her hair alone,
as when she has her hat on, so that _a group_ of distinctive features
has to be seized.
When once the eye has begun to note differences it makes rapid progress.
This is particularly true where the development of a special interest
leads to a habit of concentration on a particular kind of object. Thus
little boys when the "railway interest" seizes them are apt to be finely
observant of the differences between this and that engine and so forth.
A boy aged two years and eleven months, after travelling over two
railways, asked his mother if she had noticed the difference in the make
of the rails on the two lines. Of course she had not, though she
afterwards ascertained that there was a slight difference which the
boy's keener eyes had detected.
The fineness of children's distinguishing observation is well
illustrated in their recognition of small drawings and photographs, as
when one child of two instantly picked out the likeness of his father
from a small _carte de visite_ group.
In truth, children's observation, when close and prolonged, as it is apt
to be under the stimulus of a really powerful interest, is often
surprisingly full as well as exact. The boy, John Ruskin, could look for
hours together at flowing water, noting all its subtle changes. Another
little boy, when three and a half years old, received a picture-book,
_The Railway Train_, and inspected the drawings almost uninterruptedly
for a week, retaining the treasure even at meals. "At the end of this
time (writes his mother) he had grasped the smallest detail in every
picture."
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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