[Footnote 295: Thus the author of the _T'ang shih ssŭ k'ao_ (quoted in the _T'ao lu_, bk. viii., fol. 9 verso): "The characters [Chinese] and [Chinese] are not interchangeable. The latter is a hard and fine kind of _t'ao_. The material from which it is made is clay. The former [Chinese], on the other hand, is the name of a real stone which comes from the ancient Han-tan, which is the modern Tz'ŭ Chou. This department has potteries in which they use the _tz'ŭ_ stone for the body of the ware. Hence the name _Tz'ŭ ch'i_ (Tz'ŭ wares), not that the ware from the potteries of this place is all porcelain. I hear that at Ching-tê Chên the common usage is to employ the character [Chinese] for porcelain in writing and speaking. I have consulted friends whom I meet, and many use the two terms interchangeably. Truly this is altogether ridiculous. Tz'ŭ Chou is still making pottery at the present day." For the Tz'ŭ Chou pottery, see ch. viii.] [Footnote 296: _Yeh chih_, quoted in the _T'ao lu_, bk. ix., fol. 13 recto.] [Footnote 297: _T'ao shuo_, translated by Bushell, op. cit., p. 95.] [Footnote 298: Bushell, _Chinese Art_, vol. ii., p. 18.] [Footnote 299: See _T'ao shuo_ (Bushell, op. cit., pp. 97 and 99). See also bk. ix., fol. 1 verso, where the passage from the Annals of the Sui Dynasty is quoted.] [Footnote 300: [Chinese] See _T'ao shuo_, bk. iv., fol. 17 recto and verso.] [Footnote 301: The first two are apparently unidentified, but Jih-nan is Cochin China, whither, no doubt, the substance came as an article of trade.] [Footnote 302: Early writers refer to it as _pi liu li_, which is a transcription of the Sanskrit _Vaidurya_, a stone supposed to be of the beryl type, but the identification is a matter of dispute. See Laufer, _Jade_, p. 111, footnote.] [Footnote 303: A seventh-century writer.] [Footnote 304: The _Ta Yüeh-chih_ have been identified with the Massagetæ, who in the fifth century were in possession of Afghanistan. See Bushell, _T'ao shuo_, op. cit., p. 100.] [Footnote 305: The substance is discussed at length in connection with _pi-liu-li_ by Laufer (_Jade_, pp. 109-112), but this author seems very loath to admit the meaning glass for _liu-li_, though he allows that it is a common term for ceramic glaze. But the passage quoted above from the _T'ao shuo_ can hardly be explained in any other way than in reference to a kind of glass.] [Footnote 306: The exact words of the text are [Chinese] (_Ch'ou i lü tz'ŭ wei chih yü chên wu i_). "Ch'ou took green ware and made it (_liu-li_) not different from the real."] [Footnote 307: _Orientalisches Archiv_, Bd. ii., 1911, and _Chinesisches Porzellan_, p. 24.] [Footnote 308: Op. cit., p. 20. Dr. Bushell, in his translation of the _T´ao shuo_, has given the more correct rendering, "Ch´ou made _some_ (i.e. _liu-li_) of green porcelain."] [Footnote 309: Op. cit., pp. 3 and 4.] [Footnote 310: [Chinese] _Chin tai i pai tz´ŭ wei chih_ = "in recent generations with white ware they make it."]