CHAPTER VII. Khalifate saved by Abdurrahman III.--Commander of the Faithful--His character--Embassy to the Emperor of the West--Return embassy--John of Gorz--Detained in Cordova--Messengers from the king--Cause of detention--John of Gorz and John of Cordova--The king's threats--Dead-lock--Fresh embassy to Otho--A second embassy from Otho--First embassy received--Condescension of Sultan--Tolerance of Moslems--Mohammed's injunctions--Tolerant Mohammedan rulers elsewhere--Alcuin--Arnold of Citeaux--Bernard, Archbishop of Toledo--Christians tolerated, even encouraged--"Officer of protection"--Christian courts--Censors--Sclavonian bodyguard--Arab pride of race--Partial Amalgamation of races--Alliances between Arabs and Christians--Intermarriages--Offspring of these--The maiden tribute--Evidence in its favour--No myth--Conversions--Mohammedan view of apostasy 86-98 CHAPTER VIII. Arab factions--Berbers--Spaniards--Muwallads--Despised by Arabs--Revolts at Cordova, &c.--Intrigues with the Franks--Letter of Louis--Revolt of Toledo--Christians and Muwallads make common cause--Omar--Begins life as a bandit--Captured--Escapes--Heads the national party--Becomes a Christian--Utterly defeated--Muwallads desert him--Death of Omar--Stronghold of Bobastro captured--End of rebellion--Christians under Abdurrahman III.--Almanzor--Anarchy--End of Khalifate--Knowledge of Christianity and Mohammedanism slight among those of the opposite creed--Christian writers on Islam--Eulogius--Mohammed's relation to Christianity--Alvar--Unfair to Mohammed--His ignorance of the Koran--Prophecy of Daniel.--Moslem knowledge of Christianity--Mistaken idea of the Trinity--Ibn Hazm--St James of Compostella 98-114 CHAPTER IX.