"If we say that something exists or does not exist, in deference to the function it fulfils or does not fulfil, then there is nothing which does not exist, nothing which does exist. To know that east and west are convertible and yet necessary terms,--this is the due adjustment of functions. Any given point is of course east in relation to west, west in relation to east. Absolutely, it may be said that its westness does not exclude its eastness; or, that it is neither east nor west. "If we say that anything is good or evil because it is either good or evil in our eyes, then there is nothing which is not good, nothing which is not evil. To know that Yao and Chieh were both good and both evil from their opposite points of view,--this is the expression of a standard. "Of old Yao abdicated in favour of Shun, and the latter ruled. Kuei abdicated in favour of Chih, and the latter failed. Kuei was a prince of the Yen State, who was humbugged into imitating the glorious example of Yao and abdicating in favour of his minister Chih. Three short years of power landed the latter in all the horrors of a general revolution. T'ang and Wu See ch. xii. got the empire by fighting. By fighting, Poh Kung lost it. A revolutionary leader who, on the failure of his scheme, ended his life by strangulation. See the _Tso Chuan_, 16th year of Duke Ai. From which it may be seen that the rationale of abdicating or fighting, of acting like Yao or like Chieh, must be determined according to the opportunity, and may not be regarded as a constant quantity. "A battering-ram can knock down a wall, but it cannot repair the breach. This sentence has sorely puzzled all commentators. Different things are differently applied. "Ch'ih-Chi and Hua Liu could travel 1,000 _li_ in one day, but for catching rats they were not equal to a wild cat. Two of the eight famous steeds of Muh Wang, a semi-historical ruler of old. Different animals possess different aptitudes. "An owl can catch fleas at night, and see the tip of a hair, but if it comes out in the daytime its eyes are so dazzled it cannot see a mountain. Different creatures are differently constituted. "Thus, as has been said, those who would have right without its correlative, wrong; or good government without its correlative, misrule,--they do not apprehend the great principles of the universe nor the conditions to which all creation is subject. One might as well talk of the existence of heaven without that of earth, or of the negative principle without the positive, which is clearly absurd. Such people, if they do not yield to argument, must be either fools or knaves.