ANUBIS STAFF (=user=) _abounding in_. This symbol was equal to Latin _dives_, rich, abounding in. The _user_, or Anubis staff, was a rod with a jackal-head on the top. The jackal was the emblem of Anubis, son of Osiris, and brother of Thoth. The god Anubis was the friend and guardian of pure souls. He is therefore frequently depicted by the bed of the dying. After death Anubis was director of funeral rites, and presided over the embalmers of the dead. He was also the conductor of souls to the regions of Amenti, and in the hall of judgment presides over the scales of justice. FEMALE FIGURE (=ma=) _Ma_ or _Thmei_, the goddess of truth. She is generally represented in a sitting posture, holding in her hand the _ankh_, the key of life, an emblem of immortality. DISK (=aten=) _Ra_, the supreme solar deity. DRILL OR AUGER (=sotep=) _approved_. _Sotep_ means to judge, to approve of. Here it simply means _approved_. ZIGZAG (=en=) _of_. The prenomen, or divine name of Rameses, means "The supreme solar god, abounding in truth, approved of Ra." Thus in his divine nature Rameses claims to be a descendant of Ra, and of the same nature with the god. This prenomen is repeated twice in each column of hieroglyphs, and as there are eight lateral columns cut by Rameses, it follows that this divine name occurs sixteen times on the obelisk. [Illustration: "Lord of kingly and queenly royalty, guardian of Egypt, chastiser of foreign lands."] THE VULTURE (=mut=) was worn on the diadem of a queen, and was a badge of queenly royalty. THE SACRED ASP, called _uræus_, was worn on the forehead of a king. It was a symbol of kingly royalty and immortality, and being worn by the king (Βασιλευς), the sacred asp was also called _basilisk_. Rameses, in choosing the epithet "Lord of kingly and queenly royalty," wished perhaps to set forth that he embodied in himself the graces of a queen with the wisdom of a king. CROCODILE'S TAIL (=Kham=) _Egypt_. _Kham_ literally means black, and Egypt in early times was called "the black country," from the black alluvial soil brought down by the Nile. The symbol thought to be a crocodile's tail represents Egypt, because the crocodile abounded in Egypt, and was a characteristic of that country. Even at the present time Egypt is sometimes spoken of as "the land of the crocodile." TWO STRAIGHT LINES (=tata=) is the usual symbol for the two countries of Egypt. They appear above the second prenomen of this column of hieroglyphs. Each line represents a layer of earth, and is named _ta_. Egypt was a flat country, and on this account the emblem of Egypt was a straight line.