Another factor would cooeperate in producing mild temperatures in high latitudes during the winter, namely, the fogs which would presumably accumulate. It is well known that when saturated air from a warm ocean is blown over the lands in winter, as happens so often in the British Islands and around the North Sea, fog is formed. The effect of such a fog is indeed to shut out the sun's radiation, but in high latitudes during the winter when the sun is low, this is of little importance. Another effect is to retain the heat of the earth itself. When a constant supply of warm water is being brought from low latitudes this blanketing of the heat by the fog becomes of great importance. In the past, whenever cyclonic storms were weak and westerly winds were correspondingly strong, winter fogs in high latitudes must have been much more widespread and persistent than now. The bearing of fogs on vegetation is another interesting point. If a region in high latitudes is constantly protected by fog in winter, it can support types of vegetation characteristic of fairly low latitudes, for plants are oftener killed by dry cold than by moist cold. Indeed, excessive evaporation from the plant induced by dry cold when the evaporated water cannot be rapidly replaced by the movement of sap is a chief reason why large plants are winterkilled. The growing of transplanted palms on the coast of southwestern Ireland, in spite of its location in latitude 50 deg.N., is possible only because of the great fogginess in winter due to the marine climate. The fogs prevent the escape of heat and ward off killing frosts. The tree ferns in latitude 46 deg.S. in New Zealand, already referred to, are often similarly protected in winter. Therefore, the relative frequency of fogs in high latitudes when storms were at a minimum would apparently tend not merely to produce mild winters but to promote tropical vegetation.