No story of applied science is complete unless we can form some idea of the quantities of material used, and the amount of the products obtained. From one ton of Newcastle coal we get about 10,000 cubic feet of gas, 110 to 120 lbs. of tar, 20 to 25 gallons of watery liquor, and about 1500 lbs. of coke. Different coals of course give different quantities, and the latter vary also according to the heat of distillation; but the above estimate will furnish a good basis for forming our ideas with some approach to precision. It has been estimated also that we are now distilling coal at the rate of about ten million tons per annum, so that there is annually produced 100,000 million cubic feet of gas, and about 500,000 tons of tar, besides proportionate quantities of the other products. The great metropolitan companies alone are consuming nearly three million tons annually for the production of gas, a consumption corresponding to about 6000 cubic feet per head of the population. This of course takes no account of the coal used for other manufactures or for domestic purposes, but it is interesting to compare these estimates with the consumption of coal in London about a century ago, before the introduction of gas, when, as Bishop Watson tells us in his work already referred to, the annual consumption was 922,394 tons. The enormous quantity of tar resulting from our gas manufacture furnishes the raw material for the production of a multitude of valuable substances--colouring-matters, medicines, perfumes, flavouring-matters, burning and lubricating oils, &c. Out of this unsavoury waste material of the gas-works, the researches of chemists have enabled a great industry to spring up which is of continually growing importance. It will be the object of the remaining portion of the present volume to set forth the achievements of science in this branch of its application. The foundation of the coal-tar industry was laid in this country--the country where coal was first distilled on a large scale for the production of gas, and where the first of the coal-tar colouring-matters was sent forth into commerce. We are at the present time the largest tar producers in Europe; it has been stated that we produce more than double the whole quantity of tar made in the gas-using countries of Europe; but in spite of this, our manufacture of finished products is by no means in that flourishing condition which might be expected from our natural resources in the way of coal, and the facilities which we possess for manufacturing the raw materials out of it.