Four days is the spirit’s journey To the land of ghosts and shadows, Four its lonely night encampments; Therefore, when the dead are buried, Let a fire as night approaches, Four times on the grave be kindled, That the soul upon its journey May not grope about in darkness. —LONGFELLOW, _Song of Hiawatha_. [22] The _Cheani_ are the medicine men or curative shamans, who are officers also of weather control. [23] The Indian word is _ha-chamoni_, meaning “they take the breath.” It is invariably a notched stick with plumes attached, and is illustrated in _Eleventh Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 78. See Appendix II. [24] The Warrior Dance. [25] _Kasik_ is given as the Keres form of cacique. [26] This is the same as the _asa_ at Hopi or the _ise_ at Laguna. [27] To avoid confusion, it is wise to reserve the word _kiva_ for the ceremonial chamber of the Indian pueblo, and _estufa_ for the sweat-houses. [28] _Final Report_, Pt. I, p. 268. [29] Cosmos Mindeleff, Introduction to _Eighth Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology, p. xxxi. [30] _Relación de Father Fray Francisco de Escobar_, October, 1605. Also in Bandelier, _Final Report_, Pt. I, pp. 143-145. [31] Description by Leslie Spier, _Havasupai Days_, in _American Indian Life_, edited by Elsie Clews Parsons. [32] In certain tribes women have rites to perform that necessitate _kivas_ for their special use. [33] Lummis, _The Land of Poco Tiempo_. [34] Charles Alexander Eastman (Ohiyesa), _The Soul of an Indian. An Interpretation_. [35] Translated by Alice Fletcher, in the _Path on the Rainbow_, edited by George Cronyn. [36] _The Coronado Expedition by Castañeda_, _Fourteenth Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology, translated by G. P. Winship; _The Journey of Coronado_, _Trail Makers’ Series_, 1904, translated by Winship; _The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado by Pedro de Castañeda_, _Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States_, edited by F. W. Hodge. [37] _Doc. Inéd. de Indios_, Vol. III, _Relación du Voyage de Cíbola_, translated by Ternaux Compans; abstract in English by Fewkes in _Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology_, Vol. III, 1892. [38] Very exhaustive studies and excavations were made of Háwikuh by Frank Hamilton Cushing, between 1879 and 1888. His reports can be consulted in the _Thirteenth Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology, and in separate monographs. There are later studies by Fewkes and Stevenson. [39] Hodge affirms that Jaramillo and Zárate-Salmerón say it was Háwikuh. _American Anthropologist_, April, 1895. [40] There are many spellings of this name. According to Hodge, “Ako” is the Indian form. See Appendix I.