[41] Winship, _Coronado Expeditions_, Chapter XII, p. 490. “They described some cows, which from a picture that one of them had painted on his skin seemed to be cows, although from the hides this seemed not to be possible, because the hair was woolly and snarled, so that we could not tell what sort of skins they had.” Best brief account in Bolton, _Spanish Borderlands_. [42] Castañeda. [43] Translated by Winship, and included in each of his works on the expedition; also _American History Leaflets_, No. 13. [44] Winship, _The Coronado Expedition_, pp. 491, 560, 569, 575. [45] Between June 7 and July 10, 1540. [46] Three reliable records exist of this _entrada_. The translations of Pedro de Bustamente, and another by Barrado and Escalante, may be read in Bolton, _Spanish Exploration in the Southwest_. A third by Gallegos, “The Scrivener,” is translated by Mecham: MS. thesis in the Bolton Collection. [47] Two manuscripts recently discovered prove beyond question that the Father had been put to death by the Indians of the Sierra Morena or Sandía mountains before the soldiers returned to Mexico. The viceroy, we now know, had incorporated this information in his report to the Spanish King. Bolton was the first person to make use of this material. It was further elaborated by J. Lloyd Mecham in a thesis for the Master’s degree at the University of California. See also the article by Mecham on the “Death of Fray Santa María” in _Catholic Historical Review_, October, 1920. [48] Querecho was a pueblo name for the buffalo-hunting Apache Indians east of New Mexico (Hodge, _Handbook_, II, 338). [49] The snake dance is now characteristically a Hopi ceremony, where it is primarily a prayer for rain. It was formerly widespread among the pueblo tribes and traces of it are still found at Ácoma and other places.—Walter Hough, in Hodge, _Handbook_, II, 605, 606. [50] Bolton, _Spanish Exploration in the Southwest_, 182, 183. [51] Bureau of American Ethnology, _Thirteenth Annual Report_, 327. [52] _Historia de la Nuevo Mejico del Capitán Gaspar de Villagrá_, Año 1610, Con privilegio. En _Alcala_ por Luys Martínez Grande. Translated in part in Bancroft and in Read. [53] Bancroft, _Arizona and New Mexico_. [54] _Historical Documents relating to New Mexico_ (edited by Charles Wilson Hackett, Ph.D., Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C.), pp. 264 _et seq._ [55] Translated in Bancroft, _Arizona and New Mexico_. [56] A religious inspector. [57] The Crossing. Here the trail crossed the river and threaded the pass through the mountains. It was a crossing in a double sense. [58] Canto XVI, translated in Read, _History of New Mexico_, p. 213. [59] It may not be entirely beside the point to note here that this same Bernabé de las Casas, a few years after this event, projected an expedition across the country from the Rio Grande to drive the English out of Jamestown.