[223] In North America the shamanistic theory is purely animistic; whether or not anthropomorphic seems to be relatively of small consequence (Franz Boas, _Mythology and Folk-Tales, Journal of American Folk-Lore_, Vol. VII). [224] Paul Radin, _The Religion of the North American Indian_, _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, Vol. XXVII, 1914. [225] Bancroft, _History of the United States_, Vol. II, p. 423. [226] In southeastern Europe ceremonies are observed to-day for the purpose of making rain (Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, abridged edition, p. 69). [227] Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson, _Monograph on the Religious Life of the Zuñi Child, Fifth Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology. [228] H. B. Alexander, Introduction to _North American_, in _Mythology of all Races_, Vol. I, p. xvi. [229] See Cushing, _Creation of Corn, Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology, Vol. XIII, pp. 376, 377. [230] _Journal of Ethnology and Archaeology_, Vol. II, p. 5. [231] Introduction, _The Path on the Rainbow_, edited by G. W. Cronyn. [232] Fasting is _par excellence_ the characteristic method of superinducing religious feeling in order to bring about a state of mind in which the world of sense-impressions was shut out and in which auto-suggestion or hallucinations were predominant (Boas). For one ceremony at Taos eighteen months of self-isolation is exacted of the priests, when no message from family or home is permitted, whatever the emergency. [233] “Whenever anyone is being named anew, or assuming a new personality or office he is invariably sprinkled or washed that he be cleanly revealed and the better recommended in his new guise and character to the gods and spirits invoked for the occasion.”—Cushing, _Thirteenth Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 335. Hair-washing is an indispensable preliminary of almost all Pueblo ceremonials. Hair-clipping of boys has been almost unknown. When, for any reason it was done, the cuttings were burned; if thrown out, it was thought that health and fortune had been scattered to the four winds. But now that the Indian children are sent to American schools in distant cities, one sees many boys and young men with the familiar “military cut.” [234] Elsie Clews Parsons, _Anthropological Papers_, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XIX, Pt. 4, 1920. [235] _American Anthropologist_, Elsie Clews Parsons, Vols. XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX; _Man_, December, 1917, March, November, 1919; _Anthropological Papers_, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XIX, Pt. V; _Memoirs of American Anthropological Association_, Vol. VI, No. 3, 1920; _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, Vol. XXXI. [236] _American Anthropologist_, Vol. XVI, 1914. [237] _Eleventh Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology.