Carthage, once a mighty city, on the north central coast of Africa, III, 99, 100; the most formidable commercial and military rival of Rome; conquered by Rome in the First Punic War (264-241), I, 39; Second Punic War (219-202), I, 40; III, 47; destroyed in the Third (149-146), I, 35; II, 76. Carthaginians, the people of Carthage, I, 39, 108; III, 99, 110, 113; treacherous, III, 102; cruel, III, 100, 102; treaty-breaking, I, 38. Cassander, son of Antipater, disinherited by his father, gained the throne of Macedonia (306) by wars and murders (319-301), II, 48. Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Censor (or Major, the Elder, I, 37) (234-149), author, I, 104; III, 1; orator, III, 104; soldier, served in Second Punic War (217-202); statesman, responsible for the destruction of Carthage (146), I, 79; "the Wise," III, 16; consul (195); censor (184); stalwart champion of the simple life and stern morals, II, 89; bitterly opposed luxury and Greek culture; yielded in old age. Cato, Marcus Porcius, son of the preceding; jurist; served under Paulus in Macedon (168), I, 37; [under Marcus Popilius Laenas in Liguria (172), I, 36]. Cato, Marcus Porcius, grandson of the Censor and father of Cato Uticensis, III, 66. Cato; Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (95-46), son of the preceding and great-grandson of the Censor; a Stoic philosopher; orator; soldier, I, 112; defeated at Thapsus (46); judge, III, 66; stern and unyielding as his great-grandfather, I, 112; III, 88; his suicide, I, 112; close friend of Cicero (II, 2); III, 88. Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, half-brother of Julius Caesar Strabo, I, 133; orator; scholar, I, 133; author; soldier; consul with Marius (102) in the war against the Cimbri (101); gentleman, I, 109; committed suicide to escape the proscriptions of Marius (87). Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, son of the preceding, defeated Lepidus at the Milvian bridge; statesman, I, 76; scholar, I, 133. Caudium, a little town in the mountains of Samnium; near it are the Caudine Forks, the scene of the disastrous battle (321); III, 109; (II, 79). Celtiberians, a powerful people of central Spain, opposed Rome in Second Punic War, were reduced in the Numantian War (134), submitted on the death of Sertorius (72), I, 38. Centumalus, Tiberius Claudius; unknown, III, 66. Chicanery, I, 33. Chremes, a character in Terence's _Heauton Timorumenus_, I, 30. Chrysippus, of Soli (250-207), studied Stoic philosophy at Athens under Cleanthes, whom he succeeded; voluminous writer. "Had there been no Chrysippus, there had been no Stoa," III, 42. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the orator's father, III, 77; died (64).