Pausanias, king of Sparta, commander-in-chief of the forces of Greece at Plataea (479) to the glory of Sparta, I, 76. Peloponnesian War, the death-struggle of Athens with Sparta (431-404), I, 84. Peloponnesus, the lower peninsula of Greece, in which Sparta was the chief city, I, 84. Pelops, son of Tantalus and king of Mycenae, father of Atreus and Thyestes, III, 84. Pennus, Marcus Junius; as tribune (126) he secured a law expelling all foreigners from Rome, III, 47. Pericles, the peerless statesman of Athens, II, 16; philosopher, friend of Anaxagoras and Socrates; orator of mighty power, serious and deep, I, 108; general, I, 144; his administration made Athens unequalled in the splendour of her public buildings, II, 60. Peripatetics, followers of Aristotle (_q.v._), empiricists, II, 16; students of exact science; lack the poetry and eloquence of Plato but not very different from the New Academy, I, 2; III, 20; followers of Socrates and Plato, I, 2; their right to teach ethics, I, 6; seek the golden mean, I, 89; moral rectitude the supreme good, III, 11; moral wrong the supreme evil, III, 106; young Cicero their follower, I, 1; II, 8. Perjury, III, 106-103, 113. Perseus, the last king of Macedon, conquered by Paulus (_q.v._), I, 37. Persians, the people of Persia, the great empire of western Asia; under Darius they invaded Greece and were beaten back at Marathon (490), I, 61; under Xerxes were overwhelmingly defeated at Salamis (480), I, 61; III, 48, 49; and at Plataea (479), I, 61. Phaedra, daughter of Minos, wife of Theseus and stepmother of Hippolytus (_q.v._), III, 94. Phaëthon, his story, III, 94. Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum (6th century), type of inhuman cruelty, II, 26; III, 29, 32; slain in an uprising of his people, II, 26; typical of Caesar. Phalerum, a deme of Attica on the bay of Phalerum, I, 3; II, 60. Pherae, a town of south-eastern Thessaly, the home of Admetus; of Jason, I, 108; of Alexander, II, 25. Philip, conqueror, king of Macedon (359-336), educated at Thebes, cultured, I, 90; wise, II, 48; eloquent, tactful and firm in discipline, II, 53. Philip, the younger, son of Antigonus (_q.v._), II, 48. Philippus, Lucius Marcius, orator second only to Crassus and Antonius, I, 108; statesman, II, 59; as tribune (104), proposed agrarian reforms, II, 73; dishonest policy toward the Asiatic states, III, 87. Philippus, Quintus Marcius, father of preceding, consul (186 and 169), II, 59; III, 87. Philosophers, why righteous, I, 28; attitude toward civic duty, I, 28; as teachers, I, 155. Philosophy, the study of, I, 1-4; theoretical speculation, I, 153; meaning, II, 5; spirit of, II, 7; as a discipline, II, 4; worth while, II, 5 fg.; why Cicero turned to it, II, 2-8; III, 1-6. Phintias, the friend of Damon (_q.v._) III, 45.