[A Mataridite who d. A.H. 537. This creed is still used as a text-book in schools. It is translated from Cureton’s edition (London, 1843) with the assistance of at-Taftazani’s commentary (Constantinople, A.H. 1310). The asterisks mark the points on which al-Mataridi differed from al-Ash‘ari.] In the name of God, the merciful Compassionator. The Shaykh, the Imam, Najm ad-Din Abu Hafs Umar ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad an-Nasafi—may God have mercy upon him!—said;—The People of Verity, contradicting the Sceptics [_Sufistiqiya_, i.e., Sophists] say that the real natures of things are validly established and that the science of them is certain. Further, that the sources of knowledge for mankind are three: the sound Senses, true Narration (_khabar_), and Reason (_aql_). As for the Senses, they are five: Hearing, Sight, Smell, Taste and Touch, and by each sense you are informed concerning that for which it is appointed. True Narration, again, is of two kinds. The one is Narration handed down along a large number of lines of tradition (_mutawatir_); that is, it is established by the tongues of a number of people of whom we cannot imagine that they would agree in a lie. It compels a knowledge which is of necessity (_daruri_), such as the knowledge of departed kings in past times and of distant countries. And the second is Narration by the Apostle (_rasul_) aided by miracle [_i.e._, Muhammad], and it compels deduced knowledge (_istidlali_), and the knowledge established by it resembles in certainty and fixity the knowledge established by necessity. Then as for Reason, it is a cause of knowledge also; and whatever is established by intuition (_badaha_) is of necessity, as the knowledge that everything is greater than its parts; and whatever is established by inference is acquired knowledge (_iktisabi_), as the existence of fire from the appearance of smoke. And the Inner Light (_ilham_) with the People of Verity is not one of the causes of knowledge as to the soundness of anything.[5] Further, the world in the totality of its parts is a thing originated (_muhdath_), in that it consists of Substances (_ayns_) and Attributes (_arads_). The Substances are what exist in themselves, and a substance is either a compound, that is a body (_jism_), or not compounded like an essence (_jawhar_), namely a division that is not further divided. And the attributes are what do not exist in themselves but have a dependent existence in bodies or essences, such as colors, tastes, conditions (_kawns_), odors.