In the Japanese language there are no case declensions as there are in Latin; but there are certain particles, which when suffixed to nouns, determine the differences between the cases for both common and proper nouns. The particles which form the nominative are five; _va_, _ga_, _cara_, _no_, and _iori_. The particle _va_ is used when we want to give a sort of reduplicative[53] and specific turn to the person or thing that is signified by such a noun. It indicates either the first, second, or third person; e.g., _Vatacuxi va mairanu_ 'I, or those related to me, will not come.' The particle _no_ is suffixed to the second and third person, especially if they are inferior in rank or in a sentence where there is a relative construction which does not indicate a transitive action; e.g., _sonata no móxita coto_ 'that which you said.' The particle _no_ is also used when some indefinite form is used; e.g., _iie no aru ca miió_ [... _miio_] 'see if there are houses.' The particle _ga_ is used usually for the first and third persons of inferior status as well as for the second person when he is the most lowly or is to be humiliated; e.g., _Pedro ga qita_ 'Peter came.' This particle is also used to indicate something indefinite, as has been said of the particle _no_; e.g., _coco ni va iie ga nai ca?_ 'aren't the houses here?' It is also used in sentences that have a relative construction which does not indicate a transitive action. If the reference is to something of inferior or humble status the particle _ga_ is also used; e.g., _soregaxi ga caita fumi_ 'the letter which I wrote,' _sochi ga iúta coto_ 'what you said.' The particles _cara_ and _iori_ are used to form the {112} nominative case when the sentence shows a transitive action, especially if the sentence contains a relative construction; e.g., _Deus iori cudasareta gracia_ 'the mercy which God gave,' _tono cara core vo vôxe tçuqerareta_ 'the Lord taught this.' Sometimes the words are in the nominative case without any particle; e.g., _Pedro Ioaõ vo iobareta_ 'Peter called (7 John.' There are two particles for the genitive; i.e., _no_ and _ga_. The particle _no_ is used for all persons of superior rank; e.g., _Padre no võ qiru mono_ 'the priest's clothes, or habit.' The particle _ga_ is used for people of inferior rank; e.g., _Pedro ga fumi_ 'Peter's letter,' _sochi ga mono_ 'your thing,' _are ga cane_ 'your money,' _tono va iocu ga fucai fito gia_ 'the Lord is of great cupidity, that is to say he is very eager.' Sometimes the particle _to_ is suffixed to the genitive; e.g., _Pedro no to degozaru_ 'it belongs to Peter.' But since this is not a perfect way of speaking, it is better not to use it. I have cited it so that if you hear it you will understand. When two nouns are joined to form a single word, the one which is like an adjective does not require the genitive particle; e.g., _cocuxu_ 'the Lord of the kingdom.' According to the ordinary rule we should say _cocu no xu_.