If the particle _coso_ (see above) is added to the affirmative gerund in _Do_; and, if the sentence ends in this particle, the sentence becomes {155} negative; e.g., _mite coso_ 'I did not see anything,' _atte coso_ 'there is no way.' But if the sentence does not end in _coso_, it becomes affirmative (48 and emphatic; e.g., _mite coso gozare_ (116) 'I certainly saw.' The verb ends in _e_ according to the rule explained above when the particle _coso_ was being discussed. When the negative gerund in _Do_, which ends in _e_, is followed by _va_, _naranu_, or _canavanu_ it expresses necessity or the impossibility of the contrary; e.g., _mairaide canavanu_ (106v)[137] 'it is necessary to go,' _ivaide va no coto naredomo, nanto xô ca?_ 'and if the thing which is said to be necessary happens, what shall I do?' _xitagavaide naranu_ 'it is necessary to obey.' The same meaning, but with less strength, is obtained with the future of the affirmative or negative infinitive and the permissive subjunctive in _domo_; e.g., _mairǒ coto de gozatta redomo_ (18)[138] 'although I should have gone,' _mairu mai queredomo_ [... _qeredomo_] (18)[139] 'although I should not be going,' _mairǒ coto de gozanacatta redomo_ (18) 'although I did not have to go.' They also use the negative gerund in _Do_ to obtain the meaning of 'if not'; e.g., _òracio vo mǒsaide cú na_ 'do not eat unless you have said your prayers.' The gerund in _e_ indicates an action already done; e.g., _mexi cúte coi_ 'come after eating!' _cono qió ga caite gozaru_ 'this book was written,' _chichi ni fumi vo cacaide cuiaxiú gozaru_ [... _cuiaxú_ ...] 'I am ashamed that I did not send a letter to your father,' _cono qió ga caite gozaranu_ 'this book was not written.' The particle _nagara_, when added to the root of a verb, forms a gerund in _Do_ if it is followed by a verb indicating a repugnant or contrary action; e.g., _toganin Deus iori bacutai no go von, o uqetatematçuri nagara; caietta somuqi tatematçuru_ [... _go von vo uqe_ ...][140] 'sinners receiving, or even if sinners receive, benefits from God, they will offend him rather than be grateful,' _Jesu Cristo Deus de gozari nagara, fito ni taixite cruz ni cacaraxerareta_ 'while Jesus Christ was a God, he was crucified for man.' _Nagara_ is also added to nouns; e.g., _quantai nagara_ (136v) 'although there was some lack of education,' _sannin nagara_ (137) 'three at the same time, or even if there are three' _aqiraca_ {156} _nagara_ (136v) 'although he is famous.' In this instance _aqiraca na_ loses its _na_ as do all the other adjectives that end in _na_. The particle _iasui_ is added to the roots of active and passive verbs to form the supine in _Tu_; e.g., _iomi iasui_ 'easy to read,' _corosare iasui_ 'easy to be killed.' The same thing is achieved by the following way of speaking; _iúte va vosoroxij_ 'it is terrible to say,' _mite va_ (49 _fuxiguina_ 'it is admirable to see,' _iú vo mo vosoroxij_ 'it is terrible to say.' The Adverbs